薄冰英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法 第七章 動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)(21-31)

　　六、過(guò)去完成時(shí)

　　7.21過(guò)去完成時(shí)的形式

　　過(guò)去完成時(shí)構(gòu)成形式如下：

　　肯定式 疑問(wèn)式 否定式 疑問(wèn)否定式

　　I had worked. Had I worked? I had not worked. Had I not worked?

　　He (She，It) had worked. Had he (she，it) worked? He (She，It) had not worked. Had he (she，it) not worked?

　　We had worked. Had we worked? We had not worked. Had we not worked?

　　You had worked. Had you worked? You had not worked. Had you not worked?

　　They had worked. Had they worked? They had not worked. Had they not worked?

　　口語(yǔ)中常用縮略式：

　　肯定式 否定式 疑問(wèn)否定式

　　I’d /aid/ worked. I hadn’t /’h?? dnt/ worked.

　　I’d not worked. Hadn’t I worked?

　　He’d /hi:d/ worked. He hadn’t worked.

　　He’ d not worked. Hadn’t he worked?

　　She’d /?i:d/ worked. She hadn’t worked.

　　She’ d not worked. Hadn’t she worked

　　It’d /’it??d/ worked. It hadn’t worked.

　　It’ d not worked. Hadn’t it worked?

　　We’d /w i:d/ worked We hadn’t worked.

　　We’ d not worked Hadn’t we worked?

　　You’d /ju:d/ worked. You hadn’t worked.

　　You’ d not worked Hadn’t you worked?

　　They’d /?eid/?worked. They hadn’t worked.

　　They’ d not worked Hadn’t they worked?

　　7.21過(guò)去完成時(shí)的基本用法

　　過(guò)去完成時(shí)的基本用法與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)相似，所不同的是：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的動(dòng)作須在現(xiàn)在以前完成，過(guò)去完成時(shí)的動(dòng)作須在過(guò)去某一時(shí)間以前完成，也就是說(shuō)發(fā)生在“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”。既然過(guò)去完成時(shí)的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去某一時(shí)間之前，那么，使用過(guò)去完成時(shí)就非先有這樣一個(gè)過(guò)去某一時(shí)間不可。如：

　　(1)I had finished my homework before supper. 我在晚飯前把作業(yè)做完了。

　　句中的supper即是過(guò)去某一時(shí)間，而過(guò)去完成時(shí)had finished這一動(dòng)作就是在supper之前完成的。如果只說(shuō)I had finished my homework. 聽(tīng)者就會(huì)覺(jué)得難以理解。由此可見(jiàn)，過(guò)去完成時(shí)可以說(shuō)是一個(gè)相對(duì)時(shí)態(tài)，它不能離開(kāi)過(guò)去時(shí)間而獨(dú)立存在。再如：

　　(2)By the end of that year Henry had collected more than a thousand foreign stamps. 到那年年底，亨利已收集了一千多張外國(guó)郵票。(過(guò)去時(shí)間是the end of that year)

　　(3)When we got there the basketball match had already started. 我們到那里時(shí)，籃球賽已經(jīng)開(kāi)始了。(過(guò)去時(shí)間是when從句)

　　但過(guò)去某一時(shí)間也可以暗含在上下文中而不表示出來(lái)。比如說(shuō)，我本是來(lái)和對(duì)方談?wù)碌模灰?jiàn)面卻談起家常而把正事忘了。這時(shí)我就可以說(shuō)：

　　(4)Oh, I had forgotten. 噢，我忘了。(“談家常”就是過(guò)去某一時(shí)間)

　　再如：

　　(5)The roads were full of people. We hadn’t foreseen that. 路上都是人。這是我們事先未料到的。(過(guò)去時(shí)間顯然暗含在前一句中)

　　(6)A small boy and his smaller sister had got an apple each. The boy had eaten his apple. The girl had still hers. 一個(gè)小男孩和他的小妹妹都得到一個(gè)蘋(píng)果。男孩已把蘋(píng)果吃掉，女孩還沒(méi)有吃。(這是一個(gè)故事的開(kāi)頭。過(guò)去時(shí)間暗含在第三句中。過(guò)去完成時(shí)作鋪墊用)

　　過(guò)去完成時(shí)表過(guò)去的過(guò)去時(shí)還有以下一些情況。

　　1)后跟when，than，before等引導(dǎo)的內(nèi)含過(guò)去一般時(shí)的從句，有時(shí)從句是全句的重點(diǎn)。如：

　　(7)He had only just reached home when a man called to see him. 他剛到家就有人找他。(when在此有“突然”的含義)

　　(8)No sooner had we left the house than it began to rain. 我們剛離開(kāi)家就開(kāi)始下雨了。

　　(9)I had not gone much farther before I caught them up. 我沒(méi)有走多遠(yuǎn)就趕上他們了。(如說(shuō)Before I had gone much farther, I caught them up. 重點(diǎn)則在主句)

　　2)常用在過(guò)去一般時(shí)之后的間接引語(yǔ)中。如：

　　(10)He told me that he had seen the film the day before. 他跟我說(shuō)他前一天看過(guò)那個(gè)電影了。

　　但有時(shí)也可以說(shuō)：

　　(11)He said he had seen the film yesterday. 他說(shuō)他昨天看過(guò)那個(gè)電影了。

　　例(10)中的the day before是合乎語(yǔ)法規(guī)則的。例(11)中的yesterday似乎不甚合乎語(yǔ)法，但在實(shí)際生活中并不罕見(jiàn)。對(duì)yesterday解釋有二：一是yesterday等于the day before，指主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生的前一天，這是一種不夠嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)恼f(shuō)法。另一種解釋是yesterday等于說(shuō)話人說(shuō)話時(shí)刻的“昨天”。應(yīng)作哪一種解釋，須視上下文而定。與yesterday類似的還有ago一詞。如：

　　(12)Five minutes ago they’d tried to run away. 五分鐘前，他們?cè)噲D逃跑。(根據(jù)上下文，five minutes ago是以說(shuō)話人說(shuō)話時(shí)刻為準(zhǔn)的。但如孤立地看，它就會(huì)有歧義了)

　　當(dāng)然，間接引語(yǔ)如有具體年月日，就不會(huì)有任何歧義，如：

　　(13)He believed that he had been born in 1944 or 1945. 他認(rèn)為他出生于1944或1945年。(由于有具體的過(guò)去時(shí)間，可用was代替had been。二者無(wú)甚區(qū)別，只是前者較為簡(jiǎn)便，后者較為正規(guī)而已)

　　3)與其它時(shí)態(tài)連用。與過(guò)去一般時(shí)連用，在時(shí)間先后方面，共有三種情況。如：

　　(14)The rain had stopped and the air was clean. 雨停了，空氣清新。(過(guò)去完成時(shí)先于過(guò)去一般時(shí))

　　(15)As they talked, they had reached a house in a dark street. 他們說(shuō)著話就走到了黑暗街道上的一所房屋前。(過(guò)去完成時(shí)與過(guò)去一般時(shí)同時(shí))

　　(16)When the book was published, he had become the most popular writer of the time. 此書(shū)出版以后，他就成為當(dāng)時(shí)最受歡迎的作家了。(過(guò)去完成時(shí)后于過(guò)去一般時(shí))

　　過(guò)去完成時(shí)也可與過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)連用。如：

　　(17)The opera troupe had come, they were preparing for the night show. 歌劇團(tuán)已到，他們正在準(zhǔn)備晚上的演出。

　　過(guò)去完成時(shí)也常與另一過(guò)去完成時(shí)連用。如：

　　(18)She had nursed her father in that room when she had been but a baby. 她在那個(gè)房間護(hù)理她的父親，那時(shí)她還是只是個(gè)孩子。

　　過(guò)去完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)連用的情況亦值得注意。用這種過(guò)去完成時(shí)時(shí)，其所依附的“過(guò)去某一時(shí)間”常為讀者所知，故省去不表。如：

　　(19)Chekhov is well know to Chinese readers, and had exerted a positive influence on many Chinese writers. 契訶夫?qū)χ袊?guó)讀者來(lái)說(shuō)是非常熟悉的，他曾經(jīng)對(duì)許多中國(guó)作家產(chǎn)生過(guò)積極影響。(過(guò)去完成時(shí)had exerted與現(xiàn)在一般時(shí)is連用。二者有一時(shí)隔)

　　過(guò)去完成時(shí)亦可與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用。如：

　　(20)Many high-wire walkers have died on their last step, thinking they had made it. 許多走繩索者死在最后一走上，這時(shí)他們認(rèn)為已經(jīng)表演成功了。(“過(guò)去某一時(shí)間”表現(xiàn)在thinking)

　　4)表愿望。過(guò)去完成時(shí)有時(shí)表一種未實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望或想法，過(guò)去時(shí)間往往由過(guò)去一般時(shí)所表達(dá)。如：

　　(21)I had meant to come, but something happened. 我本想來(lái)，但有事就沒(méi)有來(lái)。

　　(22)I had intended to speak, but time did not permit. 我本想發(fā)言，可是時(shí)間不允許。

　　5)表倒敘。過(guò)去完成時(shí)常用來(lái)倒敘過(guò)去某一時(shí)間之前所發(fā)生的一系列事件。如：

　　(23)The Reds also knew about Shih Ta-kai and that the main cause of his defeat had been a costly delay. Arriving at the banks of the Tatu, Prince Shih had paused for three days to honour the birth of his son—an imperial prince. Those days of rest had given his enemy the chance to concentrate against him, and to make the swift marches in his rear that blocked his line of retreat. Realizing his mistake too late, Prince Shih had tried to break the enemy encirclement, but it was impossible to manoeuvre in the narrow terrain of the defiles, and he was erased from the map. 紅軍也是知道石達(dá)開(kāi)的，知道他失敗的主要原因是坐失良機(jī)。石達(dá)開(kāi)到達(dá)大渡河河岸以后，因?yàn)榈米?mdash;—小王爺——而慶祝了三日，這就使敵人有時(shí)機(jī)集中兵力，迅速開(kāi)到他的后方，切斷他的退路。石達(dá)開(kāi)發(fā)覺(jué)自己的錯(cuò)誤時(shí)，已經(jīng)晚了。他企圖突圍，但終因在狹隘的峽谷中無(wú)法用兵而被消滅。

　　6)表強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的完成。過(guò)去完成時(shí)有時(shí)并不用于倒敘表“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”，而只是強(qiáng)調(diào)一過(guò)去時(shí)間的動(dòng)作的完成，并往往有“突然”、“快速”等含義。這種過(guò)去完成時(shí)往往有時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。一種狀語(yǔ)是now，by now，then，by then等，但這些時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)?？捎缮舷挛目闯?，故可省去不用。如：

　　(24)We had then been without sleep for twenty-four hours. 這時(shí)我們已有24小時(shí)沒(méi)有合眼了。

　　(25)In the outer office a door slammed. Nelson Chase had come to work. 只聽(tīng)得外面辦公室砰的一聲，納爾遜•蔡斯來(lái)上班了。

　　另一種時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)是表過(guò)去將來(lái)的，如soon，ten minutes later，in two weeks等。如：

　　(26)I had soon told the story. 我很快就講完了故事。

　　(27)Five minutes later, they had left the building. 五分鐘后，他們離開(kāi)了大樓。

　　正如現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可表“將來(lái)”一樣，過(guò)去完成時(shí)亦可表“過(guò)去的將來(lái)”。如：

　　(28)He said he would come as soon as he had finished his work. 他說(shuō)他一干完活就來(lái)。(had finished表“過(guò)去的將來(lái)”)

　　注意英語(yǔ)表“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”以前的時(shí)間，仍用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。如：

　　(29)She told me she’d been happier than she’d ever been before. 她告訴我這一段時(shí)間她比以往都要愉快。(第一個(gè)had been表“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”，第二個(gè)had been表“過(guò)去的過(guò)去的過(guò)去”)

　　七、將來(lái)完成時(shí)

　　7.23將來(lái)完成時(shí)的形式

　　將來(lái)完成時(shí)的構(gòu)成形式如下：

　　肯定式 疑問(wèn)式 否定式 疑問(wèn)否定式

　　I shall have worked. Shall I have worked? I shall not have worked. Shall I not have worked?

　　He (She，It) will have worked. Will he (she，it) have worked? He (She，It) will not have worked. Will he (she，it) not have worked?

　　We shall have worked. Shall we have worked? We shall not have worked. Shall we not have worked?

　　You will have worked. Will you have worked? You will not have worked. Will you not have worked?

　　They will have worked. Will they have worked? They will not have worked. Will they not have worked?

　　口語(yǔ)中常用縮略式：

　　肯定式 否定式 疑問(wèn)否定式

　　I’ll have worked. I shan’t have worked.

　　I’ll not have worked. Shan’t I have worked?

　　He (She，It) ’ll have worked. He (She，It) won’t have worked.

　　He (She，It)’ll not have worked. Won’t he (she，it) have worked?

　　We’ll have worked. We shan’t have worked.

　　We’ ll not have worked. Shan’t we have worked?

　　You’ll have worked. You won’t have worked.

　　You’ ll not have worked. Won’t you have worked?

　　They’ll have worked. They won’t have worked.

　　They’ ll not have worked. Won’t they have worked?

　　[注]在當(dāng)代英語(yǔ)中，一律用will(或縮略式’ll)。

　　7.24將來(lái)完成時(shí)的基本用法

　　將來(lái)完成時(shí)表示在將來(lái)某一時(shí)間之前完成的動(dòng)作，并往往對(duì)將來(lái)某一時(shí)間產(chǎn)生影響。它常與表將來(lái)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。如：

　　(1)I shall have finished reading the book by the end of this week. 我將在本周未前讀完這本書(shū)。

　　(2)Before long, he will have forgotten all about the matter. 過(guò)不久，他很快就會(huì)把這件事全然忘記的。

　　有時(shí)可與ever，never，soon等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。如：

　　(3)Will you soon have finished laying the table? 你會(huì)快點(diǎn)把餐具擺好嗎?

　　(4)Will they ever have done with their talking? 他們談話還有完沒(méi)有?

　　將來(lái)完成時(shí)往往可和時(shí)間或條件狀語(yǔ)從句連用。如：

　　(5)When I have done that, I shall have done all I was supposed to do. 我做完這件事，就做了我全部應(yīng)做的事了。

　　(6)If you come at seven o’clock, I shall not yet have finished dinner. 你如七點(diǎn)鐘來(lái)，我還沒(méi)有吃完晚飯哩。

　　[注]在下面的句子中，will是情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，有“大概”或“料想是”等含義，并無(wú)“將要”的意思：

　?、資ou will have heard the news, so I need not repeat it. 你們一定已經(jīng)聽(tīng)到消息了，所以我就沒(méi)有必要重復(fù)了。

　?、赥hey will have received our letter now. 他們這時(shí)一定收到我們的信了。

　　八、過(guò)去將來(lái)完成時(shí)

　　7.25過(guò)去將來(lái)完成時(shí)的形式

　　過(guò)去將來(lái)完成時(shí)的構(gòu)成形式如下：

　　肯定式 否定式

　　I should have worked. I should not have worked.

　　He (She，It) would have worked. He (She，It) would not have worked.

　　We should have worked. We should not have worked.

　　You would have worked. You would not have worked.

　　They would have worked. They would not have worked.

　　口語(yǔ)中常用縮略式：

　　肯定式 否定式

　　I’d have worked. I shouldn’t have worked.

　　I’d not have worked.

　　He (She，It) ’d have worked. He (She，It) wouldn’t have worked.

　　He (She，It)’ d not have worked.

　　We’d have worked. We shouldn’t have worked.

　　We’ d not have worked.

　　You’d have worked. You wouldn’t have worked.

　　You’ d not have worked.

　　They’d have worked. They wouldn’t have worked.

　　They’ d not have worked.

　　[注]在當(dāng)代英語(yǔ)中，大都用would(縮略式為’d)。

　　7.25過(guò)去將來(lái)完成時(shí)的基本用法

　　過(guò)去將來(lái)完成時(shí)表示在過(guò)去將來(lái)某一時(shí)間以前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，并往往會(huì)對(duì)過(guò)去將來(lái)某一時(shí)間產(chǎn)生影響。它常和表過(guò)去將來(lái)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。如：

　　(1)The party would have arrived by four o’clock. 這一行人將于4時(shí)前到達(dá)。

　　(2)The day was drawing near when we would have completed the reservoir. 我們水庫(kù)完工的日子不遠(yuǎn)了。

　　(3)He said he would have done with my camera by the end of next month. 他說(shuō)到下月底就不用我的照相機(jī)了。

　　[注]在下面的句子中，would是情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，有“大概”或“料想是”等含義，并無(wú)“將要”的意思：

　?、買 want you thinking of food and wine, because these last years would have been miserable for you. 我要你只想吃喝，因?yàn)樽罱鼛啄昴愕纳钕胧菈蚩嗟摹?/p>

　?、赥hat would have been rather difficult. 那大概是相當(dāng)不容易的吧。

　　九、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)

　　7.27現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的形式

　　現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的構(gòu)成形式如下：

　　肯定式 疑問(wèn)式 否定式 疑問(wèn)否定式

　　I am working. Am I working? I am not working. Am I not working?

　　He (She，It) is working. Is he (she，it) working? He (She，It) is not working. Is he (she，it) not working?

　　We are working. Are we working? We are not working. Are we not working?

　　You are working. Are you working? You are not working. Are you not working?

　　They are working. Are they working? They are not working. Are they not working?

　　口語(yǔ)中常用縮略式：

　　肯定式 否定式 疑問(wèn)否定式

　　I’m /aim/ working. I’m not working.

　　He’s /hi:z/ working. He isn’t /’iznt/ working.

　　He’ s not working. Isn’t he working?

　　She’s /?i:z/ working. She isn’t working.

　　She’ s not working. Isn’t she working?

　　It’s /’its/ working. It isn’t working.

　　It’ s not working. Isn’t it working?

　　We’re /w i? / working. We aren’t /???nt/ working.

　　We’ re not working. Aren’t we working?

　　You’re /ju?? / working. You aren’t working.

　　You’ re not working. Aren’t you working?

　　They’re /?ei????? working. They aren’t working.

　　They’ re not working. Aren’t they working?

　　7.28 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的基本用法

　　現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的基本用法是表現(xiàn)在(即說(shuō)話人的說(shuō)話時(shí)刻)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，可在now，at present，at this moment，these days等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，也可不用時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。如：

　　(1)What are you doing now, John? 你現(xiàn)在正在干什么呢，約翰?

　　(2)Where are you going? 你上哪兒去?

　　(3)The telephone is ringing, would you answer it. 電話鈴響了，請(qǐng)你接一下，好嗎?

　　有時(shí)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)所表的動(dòng)作并不一定在說(shuō)話人的說(shuō)話時(shí)刻進(jìn)行，而是在包括說(shuō)話時(shí)刻在內(nèi)的一段時(shí)間當(dāng)中進(jìn)行。如：

　　(4)George is translating a book now. 喬治現(xiàn)在在翻譯一本書(shū)。

　　說(shuō)話人說(shuō)這句話時(shí)，喬治不一定正在翻譯，可能在做別的事。但在包括“說(shuō)話時(shí)刻”在內(nèi)的一段時(shí)間當(dāng)中，喬治確是在從事翻譯。再如：

　　(5)—What are you doing? 你在干什么?

　　—I’m not doing anything at present. 我現(xiàn)在什么也不干。

　　現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)有時(shí)可用來(lái)與過(guò)去對(duì)比。如：

　　(6)He is speaking English much more fluently than he used to. 他的英語(yǔ)講得比過(guò)去流利多了。

　　現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表現(xiàn)在時(shí)還有以下一些情況。

　　1)表重復(fù)。少數(shù)瞬間動(dòng)詞表不斷重復(fù)的動(dòng)作。如：

　　(7)The boy is jumping with joy. 那男孩高興得在跳呢。

　　(8)Someone is knocking. 有人敲門(mén)。

　　除jump，knock外，瞬間動(dòng)詞還有kick，hit，nod，tap，wink，cough，shoot，drop等。主語(yǔ)如為復(fù)形名詞，某些動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)往往有“不斷”或“一個(gè)接一個(gè)”的含義。如：

　　(9)Men are dropping with malaria, dysentery and simple starvation. 士兵們由于瘧疾、疾病或僅僅因?yàn)轲囸I一個(gè)接一個(gè)地倒下了去。

　　(10)Ours is an epoch in which heroes are coming forward in multitudes. 我們的時(shí)代是一個(gè)英雄輩出的時(shí)代。

　　但有些表示短暫動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)則是表動(dòng)作的開(kāi)始。如：

　　(11)The ambulance is arriving. 救護(hù)車就來(lái)。

　　(12)The sun is setting. 太陽(yáng)開(kāi)始落山了。

　　有些動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)則表動(dòng)作即將結(jié)束。如：

　　(13)He is dying. 他奄奄一息了。

　　(14)The fruit is ripening. 這果子快熟了。

　　2)表目前情況?，F(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)可用來(lái)表示一種臨時(shí)或目前的情況或措施，這是因?yàn)楝F(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)所延續(xù)的時(shí)間一般都比較有限的緣故。如：

　　(15)We usually have breakfast at 7, but during the holidays we’ve having it at 8. 平常我們是七點(diǎn)吃早餐，但放假期間就改到八點(diǎn)了。

　　(16)I’m not sleeping well. I want to take a holiday. 近日我睡覺(jué)不好。我想休假。

　　3)用于描寫(xiě)。現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)常用來(lái)描寫(xiě)一種狀態(tài)，往往顯得生動(dòng)，具有感情色彩。如：

　　(17)I am missing you dreadfully. 我非常思念你。

　　(18)She is always helping me in the kitchen. 她總是幫我干廚房活。(表表?yè)P(yáng))

　　(19)Now, that boy is again whistling his infernal melodies. 喏，那小子又打口哨吹起他那些該死的曲兒來(lái)了。(表厭惡)

　　這種現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)由于具有描寫(xiě)性，所以它有時(shí)在句中可以和形容詞并列。如：

　　(20)He is unconscious and groaning. 他失去了知覺(jué)。不停地呻吟著。

　　4)用于闡釋或歸納?，F(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)常用來(lái)闡釋或歸納前面說(shuō)的話。這種現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的語(yǔ)氣往往較強(qiáng)。如：

　　(21)When I say that, I’m thinking of the students. 我這樣說(shuō)是為學(xué)生著想。(表原因，解釋when I say that)

　　(22)He is busy. He is writing a letter. 他有事。他在寫(xiě)信。(描寫(xiě)前句)

　　(23)She was silent, she was saying much. 她默不作聲，這反而意義深長(zhǎng)。(表結(jié)果，有歸納或總結(jié)之意)

　　5)與狀語(yǔ)連用?，F(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)除與now，at present等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用外，還常與only，merely，simply，really，actually，certainly，fast，rapidly，slowly，finally，steadily，constantly，continually，always，for ever，all the time等詞語(yǔ)連用。如：

　　(24)I am only joking. 我只是開(kāi)個(gè)玩笑。

　　(25)John is always coming late. 約翰老是遲到。

　　(26)I’m simply loving it here. 我簡(jiǎn)直愛(ài)上了這兒的一切。

　　(27)Trade between the two countries is finally beginning to take off. 兩國(guó)之間終于開(kāi)始進(jìn)行貿(mào)易了。

　　6)用于從句?，F(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)可用于狀語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)等從句。如：

　　(28)We are suffering while they are expanding. 我們受苦，他們卻在興旺發(fā)達(dá)。(用于時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句)

　　(29)If he is doing this, he is doing wrong. 假如他在做此事，那他就做錯(cuò)了。(用于條件狀語(yǔ)從句)

　　[注]除非是為了表強(qiáng)調(diào)和對(duì)比，主句與狀語(yǔ)從句應(yīng)避免都使用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。

　　(30)You don’t know what you are talking about. 你在說(shuō)什么，你自己也不知道。(動(dòng)詞know后的賓語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí))

　　(31)They talk and they don’t realize what they’re saying. 他們肯說(shuō)，但他們卻不知道自己說(shuō)些什么。(用于賓語(yǔ)從句，此處的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)are saying，不一定表現(xiàn)在)

　　(32)The man who is standing there is my uncle. 站在那里的那個(gè)人是我的叔叔。(用于定語(yǔ)從句)

　　(33)What’s that you’re holding in your hand? 你手里拿著的是什么?(用于定語(yǔ)從句)

　　(34)Sound is produced when the air which is being forced up from the lungs puts the vocal chords into vibration. 從肺部發(fā)生的氣，震動(dòng)了聲帶，即發(fā)出聲音。(用于定語(yǔ)從句，現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)is being forced up從屬于現(xiàn)在一般時(shí)puts，并不表說(shuō)話時(shí)的現(xiàn)在)

　　7)無(wú)限動(dòng)詞用于現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。無(wú)限動(dòng)詞常用現(xiàn)在一般時(shí)表現(xiàn)在，但如為了表現(xiàn)生動(dòng)，亦可用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。如：

　　(35)There’s a lady in the picture. She’s lying in a couch. 畫(huà)中有一位貴婦人。她躺在睡椅上。

　　(36)What are you waiting for? 你等什么呢?(當(dāng)代英語(yǔ)在此似乎很少用現(xiàn)在一般時(shí)wait)

　　9)靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞用于現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞常用現(xiàn)在一般時(shí)表現(xiàn)在，但也可用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表臨時(shí)性、能動(dòng)性或生動(dòng)性。如：

　　(37)We are having a cold wave these days. 這些天我們正遇上了寒流。(臨時(shí)性)

　　(38)They’re seeing an English film now. 他們正在看一部英語(yǔ)電影。(能動(dòng)性，seeing等于watching)

　　(39)How are you feeling today? 你今天感覺(jué)如何?(生動(dòng)親切)

　　“am，is，are+現(xiàn)在分詞”亦表臨時(shí)性。如：

　　(40)You are not being polite. 你這可不大客氣呀。

　　有時(shí)則表“有意如此”。如：

　　(41)Jeremy was being slow, and I remember wondering why he was being slow. S杰里米有意慢慢騰騰(平時(shí)并非如此)，我記得曾對(duì)此感到納悶。

　　某些靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)亦有“開(kāi)始”的含義。如：

　　(42)I’m forgetting my French. 我的法語(yǔ)荒疏了。

　　(43)How are you liking Beijing? 你覺(jué)得北京如何?(問(wèn)初步印象)

　　有些表心理活動(dòng)的靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)可表委婉、客氣。如：

　　(44)I’m hoping that you will come and have a chat with me. 我倒希望你來(lái)聊聊天。

　　7.29 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表將來(lái)

　　現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)除表現(xiàn)在外，還可以表將來(lái)?，F(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表將來(lái)時(shí)常有“意圖”、“安排”(但不是固定不變的)或“打算”的含義。這種現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)比較生動(dòng)，給人一種期待感。它常表最近或較近的將來(lái)。所用動(dòng)詞多是轉(zhuǎn)移動(dòng)詞。如：

　　(1)I’m going. 我要走了。

　　(2)I’m leaving tomorrow. 我明天要走了。

　　(3)When are you starting? 你什么時(shí)候動(dòng)身?

　　表將來(lái)的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)除用于轉(zhuǎn)移動(dòng)詞外，亦可用于某些非轉(zhuǎn)移動(dòng)詞。如：

　　(4)I’m meeting you after class. 課后我找你。

　　(5)What are you doing next Sunday? 下星期天你打算干什么?

　　(6)She is buying a new bike soon. 她不久將買一輛新自行車。

　　但偶爾也表較遠(yuǎn)的將來(lái)。如：

　　(7)When I grow up, I’m joining the army. 我長(zhǎng)大了要參軍。

　　表將來(lái)的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)有時(shí)含有“決心”的意思，多用在否定結(jié)構(gòu)中。如：

　　(8)I’m not going. 我不走了。

　　(9)I’m not waiting any longer. 我不再等了。

　　有時(shí)也用在肯定結(jié)構(gòu)中。如：

　　(10)I’m backing cut. 我要打退堂鼓了。

　　用這種現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)與對(duì)方講話時(shí)可變成命令，不過(guò)語(yǔ)氣比較溫和。如：

　　(11)You’re staying. 你留下吧。

　　(12)Don’t forget: you are part too. 不要忘記：你也要參加。

　　同現(xiàn)在一般時(shí)一樣，現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)也可在時(shí)間、條件或原因狀語(yǔ)從句中表將來(lái)。如：

　　(13)When you are passing my way, please drop in. 你什么時(shí)候路過(guò)我家，請(qǐng)進(jìn)來(lái)坐。(用于時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句)

　　(14)If they are not doing it, what am I to do? 假如他們不干，那我該怎么辦呢?(用于條件狀語(yǔ)從句)

　　(15)She’s going to the dentist tomorrow because she’s having a tooth filled. 她明天要去看牙醫(yī)，因?yàn)樗a(bǔ)牙。

　　表將來(lái)的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)也可用在間接引語(yǔ)中，表示說(shuō)話人相信它將是事實(shí)。如：

　　(16)He said he is going tomorrow. 他說(shuō)他明天走。

　　表將來(lái)的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)有時(shí)從屬于將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)。如：

　　(17)On election night we’ll be telling you what’s happening in various places in this country. 到了選舉的夜晚，我們將把全國(guó)各地的情況告訴大家。(is happening從屬于將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)will be telling)

　　(18)When I have the time, I’ll come down to the school to see how you’re both doing. 我有空時(shí)，會(huì)來(lái)學(xué)?？茨銈儌z的學(xué)習(xí)情況的。(are doing從屬于will come down)

　　7.30 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表過(guò)去

　　現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)在時(shí)間上橫跨著過(guò)去、現(xiàn)在和將來(lái)，所以這不但可表現(xiàn)在和將來(lái)，也可以表離現(xiàn)在較近的過(guò)去。如：

　　(1)What are you talking about? 你這是說(shuō)些什么呀?

　　(2)I’m forgetting my umbrella! 我差點(diǎn)兒把傘忘了!

　　(3)Every word I’m telling you is true. 我跟你說(shuō)的每一句話都是實(shí)話。

　　7.31 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表經(jīng)常

　　有時(shí)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)并不表具體時(shí)間，而是泛指一切時(shí)間。這種現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)比較生動(dòng)，也比較口語(yǔ)化。如：

　　(1)Whenever I see him, he’s reading. 我無(wú)論什么時(shí)候看到他，他都在讀書(shū)。

　　(2)Let a person go away with small acts of dishonesty, and soon he is committing greater ones. 放過(guò)一個(gè)人的小的欺騙行為，他不久就會(huì)進(jìn)行大的欺騙勾當(dāng)。

　　(3)When children are doing nothing, they are doing mischief. 孩子閑著無(wú)事時(shí)就會(huì)淘氣。(這里主句與從句皆用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)為了強(qiáng)調(diào))

　　表客觀事實(shí)的句子用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)也是為了生動(dòng)，往往和表經(jīng)常的副詞連用。如：

　　(4)The river is constantly flowing in to the sea. 此河不斷流入大海。

　　(5)The earth is a ball that is always turning round. 地球是一個(gè)球體，它不停地旋轉(zhuǎn)。