7.12將來一般時的形式
將來一般時的構成形式如下:
肯定式 疑問式 否定式 疑問否定式
I shall work. Shall I work? I shall not work. Shall I not work?
He (She,It) will work. Will he (she,it) work? He (She,It) will not work. Will he (she,it) not work?
We shall work. Shall we work? We shall not work. Shall we not work?
You will work. Will you work? You will not work. Will you not work?
They will work. Will they work? They will not work. Will they not work?
口語中常用縮略式:
肯定式 否定式 疑問否定式
I’ll /ail/ work. I shan’t /??:nt/ work.
I’ll not work. Shan’t I work?
He’ll /hi:l/ work. He won’t /w?nt/ work.
He’ ll not work. Won’t he work?
She’ll /?i:l/ work. She won’t work.
She’ ll not work. Won’t she work?
It’ll /’itl/ work. It won’t work.
It’ ll not work. Won’t it work?
We’ll /w i:l/ work. We shan’t work.
We’ ll not work. Shan’t we work?
You’ll /ju:l/ work. You won’t work.
You’ ll not work. Won’t you work?
They’ll /?eil??work. They won’t work.
They’ ll not work. Won’t they work?
7.13 將來一般時的基本用法
將來一般時用來表示單純的將來事實。將來一般時常和表將來的時間狀語連用,如tomorrow,next week,next month,next year,in a few days等。如:
(1)He’ll come next week. 他下星期來。
(2)I’ll have eggs and toast for breakfast tomorrow morning. 明天早飯我吃雞蛋和烤面包。
(3)Will we see you again next year? 我們明年會再見到你嗎?
(4)They say that it will be good weather tomorrow. 據(jù)說明天是好天氣。
將來一般時也可以與now,today,tonight等時間詞連用。如:
(5)I shall do it now. 我現(xiàn)在就做這件事。
(6)They’ll go at seven tonight. 他們今晚7點去。
助動詞shall有時表謙遜。如:
(7)I shall be delighted to see you. 見到你我很高興。
(8)—Come again. 請以后再來。
—I shall. 我會來的。
當上下文清楚時,時間狀語可以省去。如:
(9)You go ahead. I’ll catch up. 你先走吧,我會趕上來的。
(10)Will there be anything else, Mr. Smith? 還有什么要我辦的事嗎,史密斯先生?
表將來一連串事件時,一般用將來一般時。由于上下文清楚,亦可不用具體的時間狀語。如:
(11)Tynan will be in his office until eight forty-five tonight. He will then leave directly from his office to fly to New York, and then from Kennedy he’ll catch the eleven-o’clock flight to San Francisco. 泰南將在辦公室待到今晚8點45分。然后他將離開辦公室,直飛紐約,然后他將從肯尼迪機場搭11點的班機飛往舊金山。
用將來一般時還有以下一些情況。
1)與狀語從句連用。常與表時間的狀語連用。如:
(12)When I have time, I’ll go. 我有時間就去。(與when從句連用)
(13)I’ll ask him as soon as he comes. 他一來我就問他。(與as soon as從句連用)
(14)I will tell them after you leave. 你離開后我就告訴他們。(與after從句連用)
有時時間狀語從句暗含在上下文中。如:
(15)I know you will like it. 我知道你會喜歡它的。(暗含when you see it)
亦可與條件狀語從句連用。如:
(16)He’ll help you if you ask him. 你提出請求,他會幫助你。(與if從句連用)
(17)We shall go unless it rains. 除非下雨,我們是要去的。(與unless從句連用)
(18)Try again and you will succeed. 你再試就會成功。(try again在此表條件)
有時條件狀語狀語從句可省去或暗含在上下文中。如:
(19)Don’t disturb him. He’ll be angry. 不要打擾他。他會生氣的。(省去了if you disturb him)
(20)A chair will not stand on two legs. 只有兩條腿的椅子是站不住的。(條件暗含在on two legs)
2)用于狀語從句中。表時間和條件的狀語從句一般用現(xiàn)在一般時表將來,但有時亦可用將來一般時。連詞before引導的時間狀語從句可用將來一般時。如:
(21)It will be long before he will come back. 他要過很久才回來。(此句重點是before從句)
(22)You must fill out the application form and be interviewed before you will be considered for the job. 你必須先填好申請書,經(jīng)過面談,然后才會被考慮雇用的問題。(before在此相當于and then)
表條件的if從句亦可用將來一般時,這種從句的主語多用it。如:
(23)I will come tomorrow if it will suit you. 如果對你方便的話,我明天來。
這種內(nèi)含將來一般時的條件從句要比內(nèi)含現(xiàn)在一般時的條件從句委婉客氣。再如:
(24)If it will help at all, I will go. 如果于事有補,我就去。
(25)I’ll buy the book if it won’t cost too much. 這本書如不太貴,我就買下。
3)用于一般疑問句。內(nèi)含助動詞shall的將來一般時常用在由Shall I 或Shall we引導的一般疑問句中,詢問對方的意圖或愿望。
回答Shall I…問句時不可用Yes,you shall或No,you shall not,而應該說Yes,please(或Please do)或No,please don’t(或Please don’t)
回答Shall we…問句時應該說Yes,let’s或No,I don’t think we shall。如:
(26)—Shall I help you? 你要我?guī)兔?
—Yes, please. 好,請。
(27)—Shall I carry your bag? 我來給你拿手提袋好嗎?
—No, thanks. 不,謝謝。
(28)—Shall we call a taxi? 我們叫輛出租汽車好嗎?
—Yes, let’s. 好,叫吧。
shall we可用作附加疑問句。如:
(29)—Let’s go swimming, shall we? 我們?nèi)ビ斡竞脝?
—No, I don’t think we shall. 不,我看我們別去。
內(nèi)含助動詞shall的將來一般時還可用于hope,expect,want等動詞,其語氣要比現(xiàn)在一般時委婉。如:
(30)I shall hope to see you soon. 我希望不久能見到你。
(31)I shall expect you to come. 我將等你來。
(32)We shall want to go. 我們想去。
四、過去將來一般時
7.14過去將來一般時的形式
過去將來一般時的構成形式如下:
肯定式 否定式
I should work. I should not work.
He (She,It) would work. He (She,It) would not work.
We should work. We should not work.
You would work. You would not work.
They would work. They would not work.
口語中常用縮略式:
肯定式 否定式
I’d /aid/ work. I shouldn’t /’?udnt/ work.
I’d not work.
He’d /hi:d/ work. He wouldn’t /’wudnt/ work.
He’ d not work.
She’d /?i:d/ work. She wouldn’t work.
She’ d not work.
It’d /’it?? d/ work. It wouldn’t work.
It’ d not work.
We’d /w i:d/ work. We shouldn’t work.
We’ d not work.
You’d /ju:d/ work. You wouldn’t work.
You’ d not work.
They’d /?eid??work. They wouldn’t work.
They’ d not work.
[注]在當代英語中,尤其在美國,第一人稱也多用would。
7.15過去將來一般時的基本用法
過去將來一般時表示在過去將來的某一時間發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。過去將來一般時常用在間接引語中,主句謂語動詞為過去時態(tài)。如:
(1)You know I would come. 你知道我會來的。
(2)We never imagined that John would become a doctor. 我們從未想過約翰會成為一名醫(yī)生。
(3)I thought you would take the chance. 我還以為你會去試一試呢?
過去將來一般時有時可帶時間狀語。如:
(4)Late at night on November 28,1938, Dr. Bethune got word that a battle would soon begin. 1938年11月28日深夜,白求恩大夫接到通知說,一場戰(zhàn)斗不久將打響。(帶時間狀語soon)
(5)He said he would come back the next day. 他說他第二天回來。(帶時間狀語the next day)
如the next day確是說話時刻的第二天,也可改用tomorrow。如:
(6)He said he would come back tomorrow. 他說他明天回來。
五、現(xiàn)在完成時
7.16現(xiàn)在完成時的形式
現(xiàn)在完成時的構成形式如下:
肯定式 疑問式 否定式 疑問否定式
I have worked. Have I worked? I have not worked. Have I not worked?
He (She,It) has worked. Has he (she,it) worked?
He (She,It) has not worked. Has he (she,it) not worked?
We have worked. Have we worked? We have not worked. Have we not worked?
You have worked. Have you worked? You have not worked. Have you not worked?
They have worked. Have they worked? They have not worked. Have they not worked?
口語中常用縮略式:
肯定式 否定式 疑問否定式
I’ve /aiv/ worked. I haven’t /’h?? vnt/ worked.
I’ve not worked. Haven’t I worked?
He’s /hi:z/ worked. He hasn’t / h??znt/ worked.
He’ s not worked. Hasn’t he worked?
She’s /?i:z/ worked. She hasn’t worked.
She’ s not worked. Hasn’t she worked
It’s /’its/ worked. It hasn’t worked.
It’ s not worked. Hasn’t it worked?
We’ve /w i:v/ worked We haven’t worked.
We’ ve not worked Haven’t we worked?
You’ve /ju:v/ worked. You haven’t worked.
You’ ve not worked Haven’t you worked?
They’ve /?eiv??worked. They haven’t worked.
They’ ve not worked Haven’t they worked?
7.17現(xiàn)在完成時的基本用法
現(xiàn)在完成時跨在兩個時間之上,一是過去,一是現(xiàn)在。它的動作發(fā)生在過去,但對現(xiàn)在有影響(或結果),而時這種影響(或結果)卻往往是說話人的興趣所在,所以常常后面不用時間狀語?,F(xiàn)在完成時所表的動作離說話人的說話時刻可近可遠,表近距離的如:
(1)The car has arrived. 車子來了。(結果:車子已在門口)
(2)Someone has broken the window. 有人把窗戶打破了。(結果:窗戶仍破著)
(3)He’s been ill. 他剛生過病。(結果:現(xiàn)在臉色還不好)
[注]美國英語常用過去一般時代替表近距離的現(xiàn)在完成時,如:
?、賅hat happened? 發(fā)生什么事了?(等于What’s happened?)
?、赪ho took my dictionary? 誰把我的詞典拿走了?(等于Who’s taken my dictionary?)
表遠距離的如:
(4)He has traveled over many lands. 他到過許多國家。(結果:他見識很廣)
(5)Have you ever seen the sea? 你看見過大海嗎?(結果:如見過就告訴我海是什么樣吧)
(6)She has had a good education. 她受過良好教育。(結果:她的文化水平比較高)
有時可以連用現(xiàn)在完成時去完成一個以上相互緊接的動作。如:
(7)They have gone to the moon and come back to earth again. 他們踏上了月球,后又返回了地球。
(8)The river has been the scourge to Chins. But we have tamed it at last. 這條河是中國的災難。但我們終于把它馴服了。
注意have been與have gone的意思不同。試比較:
(9)I have been to the library. 我剛從圖書館回來。(have been意謂“去而復歸”)
(10)He has gone to the library. 我到圖書館去了。(have gone意謂“去而未歸”)
have been還可和不定式連用。如:
(11)I have been to see John. 我去看過約翰了。
(12)This is one of the few times he has been to shed tears. 這是他難得的一次流淚。
[注]在口語中,have got除具有本義“得到”外,往往等于have。如:
?、貶ave you got a light? 你有火嗎?
但在美國口語中,got如具有本義,則用have gotten。如:
?、赥om, I have gotten some very good news for you. 湯姆,我得到一些對你非常好的消息。
和現(xiàn)在一般時一樣,現(xiàn)在完成時亦可用于死者。也有兩種情況:
一種是死者剛死不久,生者覺得他還似在人間。如:
(13)It’s a beautiful place. Your papa has told me about it. He loved it very much. 那可是個好地方。你爸爸生前和我說過,他非常喜歡那個地方。
另一種情況是說名人。他們雖已死去,但其言行對現(xiàn)在仍有影響。如:
(14)Shakespeare has written most of the best plays we know. 在我們熟悉的最佳劇作中,大部分都是莎士比亞寫的。
(15)Newton has explained the movements of the moon from the attractions of the earth. 牛頓闡明了月球受到地球引力而運行的規(guī)律。
現(xiàn)在完成時有時帶有感情色彩。如:
(16)What have you done! 你干了些什么!
(17)Now you’ve done it! 這你可闖下禍了!
在口語中,往往用“have gone(或been)and+過去分詞“的形式。如:
(18)You’ve gone and broken my fan. 你把我的扇子弄斷了。
(19)You have been and moved my papers! 你亂動我的文件啦!
7.18 現(xiàn)在完成時表持續(xù)和重復
現(xiàn)在完成時常用來表持續(xù)的動作或狀態(tài),亦可用來表過去重復的動作。
1)無限動詞表持續(xù)。表持續(xù)的動作或狀態(tài)的動詞多是無限動詞,如live,study,teach,be,wait等,常和since(自從)或for(經(jīng)歷)引導的詞語連用。如:
(1)I have lived here for more than thirty years. 我已在此住了30多年。
(2)I have been here since last October. 從去年十月起,我一直在這里。(since是介詞)
(3)She has taught us since I came to this school. 自從我來到這所學校,她一直教我們。(since是連詞)
在一般情況下,這種現(xiàn)在完成時今后還會延續(xù)下去。但也有可能不再延續(xù)。如:
(4)Have you waited long? 你等了很久了嗎?(動作不再延續(xù),如果說話人是對方所等待的人的話。long前省去了for)
(5)These shoes are worn out. They have lasted a long time. 這些鞋子已穿破了。已穿了很長時間了。(have lasted也不再延續(xù)。a long time前省去了for)
非無限動詞一般不可用現(xiàn)在完成時表持續(xù)性,但非無限動詞在否定結構中則可用現(xiàn)在完成時,因為“否定”本身是可以延續(xù)的。如:
(6)I haven’t bought anything for three months. 我有3個月沒有買過任何東西。
(7)I haven’t touched beer for a whole week. 我有整整一個星期沒沾啤酒。
2)亦可用有限動詞表持續(xù)。在當代英語里,有些有限動詞已沖破了上述規(guī)則,在某種情況下也可以與since(自從)或for(經(jīng)歷)引導的詞語連用表“持續(xù)性”。如:
(8)The two leaders have met for two hours. 這兩位領導人會晤了兩個小時。
(9)He has visited China for three days. 他在中國進行了三天訪問。
(10)Since when have you become active? 你什么時候開始變得積極了的?
但要注意介詞for有時并不表“經(jīng)歷”,而是表“目的”。如:
(11)I’ve come only for a few moments. 我來只能待幾分鐘。
(12)Charlie has gone off to Canada for six months. 查理去加拿大,要去六個月。
3)表過去重復的動作。這種現(xiàn)在完成時常與always,often,many times,every day等時間狀語連用。如:
(13)My father has always gone to work by bike. 我父親一向是騎車上班。
(14)It’s rained every day this week. 這個星期天天下雨。
(15)Six times he has tried and six times he has failed. 他試了六次,六次都失敗了。
還常與含有另一現(xiàn)在完成時的when從句連用,表過去了的經(jīng)驗。如:
(16)I have often met him when I have been in London. 我在倫敦時經(jīng)常見到他。
(17)Sometimes when I have been alone I have remembered that folly. 有時我獨自一人,就會想起那樁荒唐事。
[注] when從句中的現(xiàn)在完成時往往被過去一般時所代替,如:Here men have been killed when they fired at a grizzly. (這里人們開槍打灰熊時,是有過犧牲的。)
7.19 現(xiàn)在完成時表將來
同現(xiàn)在一般時一樣,現(xiàn)在完成時也可以在時間狀語從句里表將來。如:
(1)We are going after we’ve had breakfast. 我們吃過早餐走。
(2)How can you go before the rain has stopped? 雨還沒有停,你怎么能走呢?
(3)I’ll wait until he has written his letter. 我愿等到他把信寫完。
有時現(xiàn)在完成時從屬于將來一般時,用在賓語從句中表將來。如:
(4)The test question will be spoken just one time, you must listen very carefully in order to understand what the speaker has said. 試題只念一遍,考生必須仔細聽,以理解試題的內(nèi)容。(從屬于must listen…)
(5)If he asks for me, tell him I have left for Paris. 他如問到我,你就告訴他我去巴黎了。(從屬于tell him)
有時可以代替將來完成時,以強調(diào)一種自然的或必然的結果。如:
(6)There is but one more question: then I have done. 只再提一個問題,我就問完了。(I have done等于I’ll have done,但強調(diào)其自然結果)
(7)If I blow the conch and they don’t come back, then we’ve had it. 如果我吹了海螺而他們還不回來,那我們就苦了。
7.20 現(xiàn)在完成時與其它詞語連用
現(xiàn)在完成時可與其它詞語連用
1)與賓語從句連用。后接的賓語從句可用任何時態(tài)。如:
(1)Have you found out how wide the ditch was? 你了解到那條溝有多寬嗎?(指量溝時的寬度)
(2)Have you found out how wide the ditch is? 你了解到這條溝有多寬嗎?(指現(xiàn)在溝仍有的寬度)
(3)Have you found out how wide the ditch will be? 你了解到這條溝將來有多寬嗎?
2)與時間狀語連用?,F(xiàn)在完成時是一個現(xiàn)在時態(tài),所以它可以和包括“現(xiàn)在時刻”在內(nèi)的時間狀語連用,如now,today,this week,this month,this year,always,often等。如:
(4)The rain has stopped now. 雨終于停了。(now在此等于at last)
(5)I have lived here for five years now. 我到現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)在這里住了五年了。(now在此等于up to now)
(6)Have you seen John today? 你今天見過約翰嗎?
(7)I have got up very early this morning. 我今天早上起得很早。
(8)It’s rained every day this week. 這個星期天天下雨。
(9)I have been there only once this year. 我今年只去過那兒一次。
現(xiàn)在完成時一般不可和具體地表過去的時間狀語如just now,a minute ago,yesterday,last year連用,但可和just,recently,of late,before,never,always,often,already,in the past等籠統(tǒng)地表過去的時間狀語連用。如:
(10)He’s just gone. 他剛走。
(11)Have you been here before? 你以前來過這里嗎?
(12)I have always liked him. 我一向喜歡他。
(13)I have seen his name in the papers rather often of late. 我近來常在報上看到他的名字。
(14)I’ve already read that book. 我已經(jīng)讀過那本書了。
3)與since連用。前面講過,現(xiàn)在完成時表持續(xù)時可與since(自從)作為介詞與連詞引導的詞語(即短語與從句)連用。
since作副詞用時可與現(xiàn)在完成時連用。如:
(15)Nothing has happened since. 從那以后未發(fā)生什么事。
(16)Nothing has been quite the same ever since. 從那以后情況就完全不一樣了。(ever為了加強語氣用)
另外,since從句雖常用過去一般時,但有時也可以用現(xiàn)在完成時。since從句用現(xiàn)在完成時時,since的意思是“在‥‥期間”或“自‥‥期間”的開頭,但其后的動詞必須是無限動詞,有持續(xù)性。如:
(17)I have met him often since I have lived here. 自從我在這里住下之后,這??匆娝?/p>
(18)I have learned a lot from him since I have known him. 自從我認識了他,我向他學到許多東西。
但since從句的現(xiàn)在完成時亦可與一些非無限動詞連用,這時它與過去一般時即無多大區(qū)別。如:
(19)It’s a long time since I’ve seen you. 好久不見你了。(since I’ve seen you等于since I last saw you)
(20)It’s a long time since I’ve spoken to you. 我有好久沒有和你談談了。(since I’ve spoken to you等于since I last spoke to you)
4)與介詞短語連用?,F(xiàn)在完成時除可和介詞for(經(jīng)歷)與since(自從)引導的介詞短語連用外,還可和before,after,during,from,in等介詞引導的介詞短語連用。如:
(21)He has usually finished all his correspondence before bed time. 他通常在就寢前將所有信件處理完畢。
(22)After six years, a quite different Smith has emerged. 六年之后,史密斯變得判若兩人。
(23)I have learned a lot during the year. 這一年來我學到很多東西。
(24)The State has not existed from all eternity. 國家并非從來就有。
(25)I have read quite a bit in the past few days. 近日我讀了不少書。
(26)Until recently he has hidden the book in a secret place. 直至近日,他將此書藏在一個秘密的地方。
現(xiàn)在完成時亦可后接內(nèi)含過去一般時的when(或while)從句。如:
(27)I haven’t studied English when I was at school. 我上學時沒有學過英語。
(28)Have you been here while I was out? 你在我出去時來過這里嗎?
5)與long ago連用。現(xiàn)在完成時有時可和時間狀語long ago連用。如:
(29)She’s gone long ago. 她早走了。
(30)Fanny has long ago left me. 范妮早已離開我了。
(31)I have ceased to believe that long ago. 我早就不信那個了。
6)與疑問副詞連用?,F(xiàn)在完成時可以和how,why及where等疑問副詞連用。如:
(32)How have you done it? 你是怎么做的?(強調(diào)結果。如用過去一般時則問方式)
(33)Why has the child run away? 這孩子為什么逃跑啦?
(34)Where have you been? 你上哪兒去啦?
現(xiàn)在完成時也可和疑問副詞when連用,但往往有反問的口氣。如:
(35)When have I ever been accustomed to be treated like this? 我什么時候吃過這一套?
(36)When have I been harsh with the children? 我什么時候對孩子粗暴過?
7)與其它時態(tài)連用。現(xiàn)在完成時常和過去一般時連用。從時間先后看,共有三種情況:即現(xiàn)在完成時所表的動作(或狀態(tài))發(fā)生(或存在)于過去一般時所表的動作(或狀態(tài))之后、之前或同時。如:
(37)My friend gave to me, and I have since kept it in the drawer. 這是我的朋友給我的,我一直把它保存在這個抽屜里。(發(fā)生于過去一般時之后)
(38)Professor Lin left yesterday for America where a lecture-tour has been arranged for him. 美國那邊為林教授安排了一次巡回講學,他昨天已動身去美國了。(發(fā)生于過去一般時之前)
(39)I have climbed that hill many a time when I was young. 我年輕時多次爬過那座山。(于過去一般時同時發(fā)生)
現(xiàn)在完成時??捎脕硪龑н^去一般時。如:
(40)I have seen the film. I saw it last week. 這個電影我看過了,是上星期看的。
(41)I have lived in China. That was 1940. 我在中國住過,那是1940年。
有時這兩種時態(tài)形成一種對照。如:
(42)She has made several attempts to get away, but we succeeded in persuading her to stay. 她幾次三番地要走,可我們還是說服她留下了。
現(xiàn)在完成時也常和其它現(xiàn)在時態(tài)連用。如:
(43)We’ve tired. It’s been a long day. 我們累了,今天干了好久。(和現(xiàn)在一般時連用)
(44)Harry has made the tea and is watching TV again. 哈里把茶煮好后,又看起電視來了。(和現(xiàn)在進行時連用)
現(xiàn)在完成時也常和另一現(xiàn)在完成時連用。如:
(45)Why! He has only just gone. What has brought him back soon? 嗬!他剛走,怎么不大一會兒又回來啦?
8)用于時間和原因狀語從句。現(xiàn)在完成時和現(xiàn)在一般時一樣,也可用在when,before,after,until,as soon as等引導的時間狀語從句中。這種從句中的現(xiàn)在完成時較之于現(xiàn)在一般時,常強調(diào)下列三種情況。
a)強調(diào)動作的完成或結果。如:
(46)When he has finished his letters, he usually takes them to the post himself. 他寫完信,通常都是他親自付郵。(強調(diào)完成)
(47)When they have been frightened, dairy cows may refuse to give milk. 奶牛受驚后可能不出奶。(強調(diào)結果)
b)強調(diào)從句的動作與主語的動作不緊相連接,二者之前有時隔。如:
(48)They often play chess after they have had supper. 他們晚飯后經(jīng)常下棋。
(49)Almost as soon as we have started we find ourselves at the bottom of the hill. 我們幾乎是剛剛動身,就到山腿下了。
c)強調(diào)無限動詞的動作已完成。如:
(50)When I have studied a book I write a report on it. 我研讀完一本書之后就寫一篇報告。
現(xiàn)在完成時亦可表原因,所以自然可用在because引導的原因狀語從句中。如:
(51)We cannot cross the river because the water has risen. 我們過不了河了,因為河水漲了。
(52)She can drive by herself because she has passed her test. 她現(xiàn)在可以獨立開車了,因為她已經(jīng)通過了駕駛考試。
9)用于間接引語。和現(xiàn)在一般時一樣,現(xiàn)在完成時也可以用在過去時態(tài)之后的間接引語中,表示說話人相信間接引語的真實性。如:
(53)I heard you have been ill. 我聽說你病了。
(54)The investigation proved that he has done his best. 調(diào)查結果說明他是盡了最大努力的。