My friend showed me round the town, ________ was very kind of him.
A. which B. that C. where D. it
對(duì)于這道題,很顯然,B和C不能選,因?yàn)閠hat不用于引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,而where是關(guān)系副詞,只用作狀語(yǔ),不用作主語(yǔ),所以這兩者很容易被排除。但是,在A和D之間,該選哪一個(gè)呢?許多同學(xué)選了人稱代詞it,因?yàn)镮t was very kind of him讀起來(lái)“太有感覺(jué)了”,語(yǔ)感“太正常了”;但是,很遺憾,選it錯(cuò)了。正確答案是A,即應(yīng)選關(guān)系代詞which。為什么呢?
這要從英語(yǔ)的句子結(jié)構(gòu)說(shuō)起。根據(jù)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法,如果從結(jié)構(gòu)上看,英語(yǔ)句子可分為簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句和復(fù)合句三類(若包括并列復(fù)合句,則為四類)。
所謂簡(jiǎn)單句,就是只有一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)。如:
Our dog likes catching biscuits in its mouth. 我們的狗喜歡用嘴接餅干。
所謂并列句,就是指由并列連詞連接的兩個(gè)或多個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)。如:
We parted, and we haven’t met since. 我們分手了,以后再也沒(méi)有見(jiàn)面。
At first they were happy, but things soon started to go wrong. 起初他們?cè)谝黄鸷芸鞓?lè),但不久就開(kāi)始出問(wèn)題了。
所謂復(fù)合句,就是指包括一個(gè)主句和一個(gè)(或幾個(gè))從句的句子。如:
He answered that he knew nothing about it. 他回答說(shuō)他不知情。(that引導(dǎo)的是賓語(yǔ)從句)
It is an organization which helps the elderly. 這是一個(gè)幫助老年人的機(jī)構(gòu)。(which引導(dǎo)的是定語(yǔ)從句)
He’ll have four years at university after he leaves school. 他中學(xué)畢業(yè)后要上四年大學(xué)。(after引導(dǎo)的是時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句)
所謂并列復(fù)合句,簡(jiǎn)單地說(shuō)就是含有復(fù)合句的并列句。如:
John wanted to go to the party, but his wife said she was too tired. 約翰想去參加晚會(huì),但他的妻子說(shuō)她太累了。(but連接兩個(gè)句句子構(gòu)成并列句,而but后的句子中又是一個(gè)含有賓語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句)
有了上面的句子結(jié)構(gòu)知識(shí),我們就來(lái)分析上面這道考題為什么該用which不用it了?,F(xiàn)在請(qǐng)看這兩個(gè)句子:
My friend showed me round the town, which was very kind of him.
My friend showed me round the town, it was very kind of him.
第一句用which之所以是正確的,是因?yàn)閣hich在此引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,整個(gè)句子為一個(gè)含有定語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句;而第二句用it之所以不正確,是因?yàn)檫@個(gè)句子不屬于上面提到的任何一種句型:首先,它不是簡(jiǎn)單句,因?yàn)樗袃蓚€(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu);其次,它也不是并列句,因?yàn)榫渥娱g沒(méi)有并列連詞;第三,它也不是復(fù)合句,因?yàn)榫渥娱g沒(méi)有體現(xiàn)出主句和從句;第四,它更不是并列復(fù)合句,因?yàn)樗炔皇菑?fù)合句,也不是并列句。
通過(guò)這樣的分析,同學(xué)們應(yīng)該知道上面這個(gè)句子用it為什么是錯(cuò)誤的了。假若要想保留人稱代詞it,又要使句子不錯(cuò),也有另外一個(gè)辦法,就是在it之前加上一個(gè)并列連詞,使之成為并列句。如說(shuō)成:
My friend showed me round the town, and it was very kind of him.
現(xiàn)在同學(xué)們應(yīng)該搞清楚了吧。下面請(qǐng)?jiān)倏匆坏揽碱}:
She brought with her three friends, none of ________ I had ever met before.
A. them B. who C. whom D. these
這道題是用them還是whom?套用上面的分析,我們可以很容易地確定答案為C,而不是A。但是,如果我們把題目稍為改變一下呢?如改成:
She brought with her three friends, and none of ________ I had ever met before.
A. them B. who C. whom D. these
這道題的答案就不能是whom,而應(yīng)是them了。當(dāng)然,選these在語(yǔ)法上也是對(duì)的,只是意思上不是很通順,相比較而言,顯然不如用them好。
最后再來(lái)看一個(gè)很典型的例子:
Simon loves you, ________ is why he wants to be with you.
A. it B. that C. which D. what
由于that’s why…是同學(xué)們非常熟悉的句式,所以許多人可能會(huì)毫不猶豫地選B。又錯(cuò)了!最佳答案應(yīng)是C。首先,由于句子間沒(méi)有并列連詞,所以排除A和B;又因?yàn)閣hat不是關(guān)系代詞,不能引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句,所以也不能選。注意,如果在兩個(gè)句子間加上并列連詞and,或?qū)⑵渲械亩禾?hào)改為破折號(hào)或分號(hào),則可用that,如以下三句都是正確的:
Simon loves you—that’s why he wants to be with you.
Simon loves you and that’s why he wants to be with you.
Simon loves you; that’s why he wants to be with you.
【小練一下】
01. That bar on Milton Street, ______ by the way is very nice, is owned by Trevor’s brother.
A. that B. how C. which D. what
02. She says it’s Charlotte’s fault, ______ is rubbish, and that she blames her.
A. that B. how C. which D. what
03. Anyway, that evening, ______ I’ll tell you more about later, I ended up staying at Rachel’s place.
A. that B. how C. which D. what
04. Dust particles must have got into the motor, ______ is why it isn’t working properly.
A. it B. that C. which D. what
05. I’m afraid he’s more of a talker than a doer, ______ is why he never finishes anything.
A. it B. that C. which D. what
06. He asked a lot of questions, none of ______ was easy to answer.
A. which B. them C. what D. that
07. He told me that he had two girl-friends, neither of ______ knew anything about the other.
A. whom B. them C. which D. who
【答案與解析】
01. C。引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句且指事物時(shí),要用關(guān)系代詞which,而不能用that;而how和what不是關(guān)系詞,均不能引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句,故可排除B和D。
02. C。引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句且指事物時(shí),要用關(guān)系代詞which,而不能用that;而how和what不是關(guān)系詞,均不能引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句,故可排除B和D。
03. C。引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句且指事物時(shí),要用關(guān)系代詞which,而不能用that;而how和what不是關(guān)系詞,均不能引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句,故可排除B和D。
04. C。由于句子間沒(méi)有并列連詞,所以排除A和B;又因?yàn)閣hat不是關(guān)系代詞,不能引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句,所以也不能選。
05. C。由于句子間沒(méi)有并列連詞,所以排除A和B;又因?yàn)閣hat不是關(guān)系代詞,不能引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句,所以也不能選。
06. A。由于介詞后不能接關(guān)系代詞that,排除D;而them和what不是關(guān)系代詞,不用于引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句,也被排除。none of which在此引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,其意為“所有這些問(wèn)題都不”。
07. A。由于介詞后不能接關(guān)系代詞who,排除D;而them不是關(guān)系代詞,不用于引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句,也被排除;至于which,它只用于指事物,不用于指人,也被排除。neither of whom在此引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,其意為“她們兩人都不”。