國(guó)際關(guān)系英語(yǔ)詞匯大全Unit 10

　　1.Ontology

　　Ontology is the philosophical study of the nature of being, becoming, existence, or reality, as well as the basic categories of being and their relations. Traditionally listed as a part of the major branch of philosophy known as metaphysics, ontology deals with questions concerning what entities exist or can be said to exist, and how such entities can be grouped, related within a hierarchy, and subdivided according to similarities and differences.

　　1.本體論

　　本體論，又譯存在論、存有論，它是形而上學(xué)的一個(gè)基本分支，本體論主要探討存有本身，即一切現(xiàn)實(shí)事物的基本特征。有的哲學(xué)家，如柏拉圖學(xué)派認(rèn)為：任何一個(gè)名詞都對(duì)應(yīng)著一個(gè)實(shí)際存在;另外一些哲學(xué)家則主張有一些名詞并不代表存在的實(shí)體，而只代表一種集合的概念，包括事物或事件，也有抽象的，由人類思維產(chǎn)生的事物。例如“社團(tuán)”就代表一群具有同一性質(zhì)的人組成的集合;“幾何”就代表一種特殊知識(shí)的集合等。

　　2.Anarchy

　　Anarchy refers to a society without a publicly enforced government. When used in the negative sense, anarchy implies political disorder or lawlessness within a society. Pierre-Joseph Proudhon adopted the term in his 1840 treatise What Is Property? to refer to a new political philosophy, anarchism, which advocates stateless societies based on voluntary associations. Many anarchists, like Anselme Bellegarrigue, have complained that "[v]ulgar error has taken ‘anarchy' to be synonymous with ‘civil war.'"

　　2.無政府狀態(tài)

　　無政府狀態(tài)一詞源于希臘文，原意指無執(zhí)政官之狀態(tài)，現(xiàn)常指：缺乏基礎(chǔ)建設(shè)，缺乏法律保障人權(quán)，治安敗壞，反社會(huì)人格的溫床，沒有貨幣機(jī)制交易生活必需品，只能以物易物的一種狀態(tài)。

　　3.Anarchism

　　Anarchism is a political philosophy that advocates stateless societies often defined as self-governed voluntary institutions, but that several authors have defined as more specific institutions based on non-hierarchical free associations. Anarchism holds the state to be undesirable, unnecessary, or harmful. While anti-statism is central, anarchism entails opposing authority or hierarchical organisation in the conduct of human relations, including, but not limited to, the state system.

　　3.無政府主義

　　無政府主義，又譯作安那其主義，是一系列政治哲學(xué)思想。其目的在于提升個(gè)人自由及廢除政府當(dāng)局與所有的政府管理機(jī)構(gòu)。無政府主義包含了眾多哲學(xué)體系和社會(huì)運(yùn)動(dòng)實(shí)踐。它的基本立場(chǎng)是反對(duì)包括政府在內(nèi)的一切統(tǒng)治和權(quán)威，提倡個(gè)體之間的自助關(guān)系，關(guān)注個(gè)體的自由和平等;其政治訴求是消除政府以及社會(huì)上或經(jīng)濟(jì)上的任何獨(dú)裁統(tǒng)治關(guān)系。對(duì)大多數(shù)無政府主義者而言，“無政府”一詞并不代表混亂、虛無、或道德淪喪的狀態(tài)，而是一種由自由的個(gè)體自愿結(jié)合，以建立互助、自治、反獨(dú)裁主義的和諧社會(huì)。莊子被認(rèn)為是最早的無政府主義者。