托福聽(tīng)力演講類(lèi)文章關(guān)鍵要素分析之結(jié)尾

托福聽(tīng)力演講類(lèi)文章關(guān)鍵要素分析之結(jié)尾!托福聽(tīng)力乃集四戾“內(nèi)容難、生詞多、句子長(zhǎng)、語(yǔ)速super快”為一身的魔物，因此就讓老師助大家一臂之力，順利攻克托福聽(tīng)力這一重難點(diǎn)項(xiàng)目。

正所謂“托福聽(tīng)力天上來(lái)，奔流如海不復(fù)回”，托福聽(tīng)力乃集四戾“內(nèi)容難、生詞多、句子長(zhǎng)、語(yǔ)速super快”為一身的魔物。多少同志秣馬厲兵、金戈鐵甲、青筋凸起、提著褲子在后面追著聽(tīng)，最終都沒(méi)有聽(tīng)到結(jié)尾就累斃在半路，亂花狂絮，盡隨伊去啦……這已經(jīng)不是個(gè)例了，很多人在痛苦掙扎4分鐘后，開(kāi)始聽(tīng)結(jié)尾的時(shí)候就沒(méi)勁了、眼花了、走神了、開(kāi)始玩筆了……萬(wàn)萬(wàn)不可，萬(wàn)萬(wàn)不可啊!為什么這么說(shuō)呢?老夫今天就帶大家走一遭。

且不說(shuō)托福聽(tīng)力向來(lái)有“重尾”一說(shuō)，就僅從人類(lèi)交流的角度而言，文章的結(jié)尾是最后一個(gè)能夠表達(dá)觀念、延伸論點(diǎn)、深入闡述、裝B出彩的地方了。在托福聽(tīng)力這場(chǎng)考生和考官斗智斗勇的戰(zhàn)役中，文段的結(jié)尾是考官最后一次能夠蒙你的機(jī)會(huì)，他能放過(guò)嗎?Unlikely。所以結(jié)尾的重要性就不言而喻了(雖然上文都已經(jīng)喻過(guò)了……汗)。

綜上，如果聽(tīng)到這樣的幾類(lèi)結(jié)尾，我們就得趕緊磨刀擦劍、注意聽(tīng)了。

I 繼續(xù)分論點(diǎn)

如果是一篇總分結(jié)構(gòu)明顯的Lecture，結(jié)尾的地方還在繼續(xù)講文章的主要分論點(diǎn)，那么這種地方肯定是會(huì)出題的。比如下面的一篇文段，主要是講章魚(yú)的防御系統(tǒng)，共分三點(diǎn)：變色、變質(zhì)地、變形。前面大篇幅地講了前兩個(gè)論點(diǎn)，變色和變質(zhì)地，鄰近結(jié)尾開(kāi)始講起第三點(diǎn)。如下音頻

Now there’s a third way that octopus can transform themselves to blend in with or mimic their environment, and that’s by changing their shape and size, well, at least their apparent size. The muscular system of the octopus enables it to be very flexible to assume all sorts of shapes and postures. So it can contract into the shape of a little round stone, and sit perfectly still on the seafloor. Or it can nestle up in the middle of a plant and take the shape of one of the leaves.

這一段的題就出在了變形的兩個(gè)例子上。

II 開(kāi)啟新論點(diǎn)

這一類(lèi)的文段基本在上文都是在集中講一個(gè)事物的幾個(gè)方面，但是在馬上結(jié)尾的地方又提出了一個(gè)新的方面、新的論點(diǎn)。引出新論點(diǎn)的方式可能是professor自己談及，也可能是學(xué)生提問(wèn)，無(wú)論如何，這種地方要格外小心。比如下面的文段，前文都在講土壤多樣性的原因，然后結(jié)尾的地方話(huà)鋒一轉(zhuǎn)：

I have a handout, an article on pedodiversity in a section of forests near here. I want you to read it, because it makes a point that I’ve only touched on. From what I have been saying about the causes of pedodiversity, you might assume that the relationship between forest dynamics, what happens to the trees, and pedodiversity is a one-way street. As the article explains, forest dynamics affects pedodiversity. But pedodiversity also affects forest dynamics. It’s worth bearing in mind.

結(jié)尾提到了要發(fā)handout的事情，由此引出了新論點(diǎn)：土壤多樣性和森林多樣性是彼此影響的?？碱}就出在為什么老師要發(fā)handout這里。

III 闡述反論點(diǎn)

比如文章一直在講述一個(gè)東西的好處，結(jié)果在結(jié)尾的地方突然在說(shuō)這個(gè)東西的不好，這種結(jié)尾遍地都是red flag啊!!還不趕緊好好聽(tīng)!!比如這篇，整篇都在講建筑師在建造音樂(lè)廳的時(shí)候如何運(yùn)用各種技巧來(lái)控制回響，結(jié)尾的地方突然這么說(shuō)了：

That being said, there’s something that can’t be controlled by the architect. The audience has an effect on acoustics too. The heads of people are good diffusers of sound. And Architects try to account for this effect in their design, but they can’t guarantee a full auditorium.

結(jié)尾與前文相反地提出了設(shè)計(jì)師不能控制的因素，與前文完全相反，所以這個(gè)地方瞎子也能聽(tīng)出來(lái)會(huì)出題的呀!(貌似瞎子本來(lái)就能聽(tīng)得見(jiàn)……囧)

IV 延伸新例子

一篇文段中Professor都在講一類(lèi)事物，結(jié)果講到結(jié)尾處還意猶未盡，又給大家舉了個(gè)新例子，那么這種地方也是很危險(xiǎn)的。比如這段，Professor一直結(jié)合美國(guó)大峽谷在講Uranium-Lead Dating 這種地質(zhì)測(cè)齡技術(shù)，然后結(jié)尾的地方說(shuō)了這么一遭兒：

There are a few pretty exciting possibilities for Uranium-Lead Dating. Here is one that comes to mind. You know the theory that earth’s continents were once joined together and only split apart relatively recently? Well, with Uranium-Lead Dating, we could prove that more conclusively. If they show evidence of once having been joined, that could really tell us a lot about the early history of the planet’s geology.

那么顯然就又闡述了這種技術(shù)可有用武之地的例子，所以題就這么愉快地出來(lái)了。

V 表達(dá)新態(tài)度

對(duì)于前文講的問(wèn)題，教授很可能在末尾處表達(dá)一下自己的態(tài)度，如果遇到這種情況，也要小心，搞明白教授的態(tài)度到底是肯定否定還是中立。比如下文，教授整篇都在講一個(gè)考古遺址的先進(jìn)等信息，結(jié)尾講到了對(duì)它的修繕，然后說(shuō)了這樣的結(jié)尾：

So now the question is, do we partially restore and rebuild the site before the entire thing disintegrates? It will take a lot of funding to restore it and I am not sure it’ll be made available, which would be a pity. Even a partly altered site can provide valuable information, which would be lost otherwise.

結(jié)尾中顯然教授在表達(dá)自己對(duì)于修繕遺址的態(tài)度，這個(gè)地方就出了一個(gè)態(tài)度題。

當(dāng)然，如果結(jié)尾只是對(duì)于文章內(nèi)容的一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單總結(jié)，并沒(méi)有什么臥虎藏龍之處，那么同志盡可安心地去走神發(fā)呆玩筆了，這樣的地方是不會(huì)出題的。比如下文，文章都在講一種叫Well-made play的一種戲劇形式的重要性和結(jié)構(gòu)，然后Professor在結(jié)尾如是說(shuō)：

So, as I said, the well-made play, this form of playwriting, became the basis for realism in drama, and for a lot of very popular 19th-century plays. And also, a pattern we find in the plots of many later plays and even movies that we see today.

我們都已經(jīng)知道了這種劇很有影響力，所以結(jié)尾說(shuō)的內(nèi)容完全沒(méi)有營(yíng)養(yǎng)，就是在對(duì)前文進(jìn)行單純的總結(jié)，沒(méi)有任何抓人鼓膜的新的內(nèi)容，所以，這種話(huà)還用記嗎?玩去吧。

綜上我們看到，文段結(jié)尾只要有新的內(nèi)容就基本100%會(huì)出題!這個(gè)規(guī)律就和 小新每集頭上肯定打出包、青銅五小強(qiáng)倒下肯定再爬起、紅軍戰(zhàn)士死前肯定交黨費(fèi) 一樣地肯定。所以當(dāng)你還在前面一個(gè)勁的策馬，到結(jié)尾奔騰不起來(lái)，一定挺住挺住挺住。時(shí)不時(shí)瞄一眼進(jìn)度條，當(dāng)進(jìn)入到文段的后1/4處，文章又出現(xiàn)了我們上述的新內(nèi)容點(diǎn)，就趕緊超級(jí)賽亞人mode燥起來(lái)吧!

P.S. 學(xué)以致用一下。如果老夫?qū)懙倪@篇文章是托福聽(tīng)力，那么結(jié)尾這一塊出題會(huì)在哪呢?顯然是在分割線(xiàn)的下面一段嘛，對(duì)不對(duì)?上面都在說(shuō)結(jié)尾能出題的地方，這一段突然說(shuō)結(jié)尾不會(huì)出題的內(nèi)容，這就是在“闡述反論點(diǎn)”。同時(shí)，我們也可以看到，最后的一段也只是在對(duì)前文進(jìn)行單純的總結(jié)，沒(méi)新內(nèi)容沒(méi)營(yíng)養(yǎng)，沒(méi)有地方能出題，不看也罷。(哎呦，各位同志還是看看哈，老夫絞盡brain juice，怒想三天三夜才憋出來(lái)的，捧個(gè)場(chǎng)，鼓個(gè)掌~)