賓語(yǔ)(object)在句中主要充當(dāng)動(dòng)作的承受者,因此一般置于及物動(dòng)詞之后。如:
(1)Our team beat all the others. 我們的球隊(duì)打敗了所有其他球隊(duì)。
(2)You can leave your luggage with me. 你可以將你的行李存在我這里。
但有時(shí)為了強(qiáng)調(diào),賓語(yǔ)亦可置于句首。如:
(3)Two weeks you shall have. 你可以有兩周的時(shí)間。
(4)A lot of help I get from you, young lady! 我可得到你不少幫助啊,年輕的姑娘!
有時(shí)則為了上下文的銜接而將賓語(yǔ)置于句首。如:
(5)This much we have achieved; but we are not complacent. 我們?nèi)〉昧诉@么多的成就,但我們并不自滿。
可以用作賓語(yǔ)的有名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、名詞化的形容詞、副詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、名詞化的分詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、從句等。
1)名詞用作賓語(yǔ)。如:
(6)She is expecting a baby in July. 她將于7月分娩。
(7)Do you fancy a drink? 想喝一杯嗎?
(8)Paper catches fire easily. 紙是易然的。
2)代詞用作賓語(yǔ)。如:
(9)They won’t hurt us. 他們不會(huì)傷害我們。
(10)Where did you buy that? 你在哪兒買的那個(gè)?
(11)What does it mean? 它是什么意思?
3)數(shù)詞用作賓語(yǔ)。如:
(12)If you add 5 to 5, you get 10. 5加5得10。
(13)Subtract 2 from 10 and you have 8. 10減去2得8。
4)名詞化的形容詞用作賓語(yǔ)。如:
(14)I shall do my possible. 我將盡力而為。
(15)He is always helping the poorer than himself. 他總是幫助比他窮困的人。
5)副詞用作賓語(yǔ)。如:
(16)He left there last week. 他上個(gè)星期離開了那里。
(17)You must tell me the when-the where-the how. 你必須告訴我事情是何時(shí)、何地和怎樣發(fā)生的。
[注]除上述詞類可用作賓語(yǔ)外,還有其它詞類。如:
?、買 have no say in it. 我對(duì)它沒(méi)有發(fā)言權(quán)。(動(dòng)詞say用作賓語(yǔ))
?、贒id you say “for” or “against”? 你贊成還是反對(duì)?(介詞for與against用作賓語(yǔ))
?、跙ut me no buts. 你不要老對(duì)我說(shuō)“但是但是”了。(連詞but用作賓語(yǔ))
6)不定式用作賓語(yǔ)。如:
(18)Does she really mean to leave home? 她真的要離開家嗎?
(19)Remember to buy some stamps, won’t you? 記著買一些郵票好嗎?
7)動(dòng)名詞用作賓語(yǔ)。如:
(20)He denied visiting her house. 他否認(rèn)去過(guò)她的家。
(21)He stopped smoking last week. 他上星期戒煙了。
8)名詞化的分詞(主要是過(guò)去分詞)用作賓語(yǔ)。如:
(22)He never did the unexpected. 他從不做使人感到意外的事。
(23)More and more people like wearing ready-mades now. 現(xiàn)在愈來(lái)愈多的人愛穿現(xiàn)成的服裝。
9)介詞短語(yǔ)用作賓語(yǔ)。如:
(24)The City Health Department is giving us until this evening. 市衛(wèi)生局給我們的限期是到今晚為止。
(25)That day we sent between three and four thousand shells among the enemy troops. 那一天我們向敵軍發(fā)射了三、四千發(fā)炮彈。
10)從句用作賓語(yǔ)。如:
(26)Do you understand what I mean? 你明白我的意思嗎?
(27)I wondered how old he was. 我不知道他有多大年紀(jì)。
11)句子用作賓語(yǔ)。如:
(28)He said, “You’re quite wrong.” 他說(shuō)道,“你全錯(cuò)了。”
(29)How would you explain “Half a loaf is better than no bread”? 你如何解釋“半塊面包比沒(méi)有面包好”呢?
賓語(yǔ)除表動(dòng)作的承受外,有時(shí)亦可表其它一些關(guān)系:
1)賓語(yǔ)表使役的對(duì)象。如:
(30)Please let me through. 請(qǐng)讓我過(guò)去。
(31)I must have my hair cut soon. 我得快理發(fā)了。
(32)They made the naughty boy go to bed early. 他們強(qiáng)迫那頑皮孩子早點(diǎn)睡覺(jué)。
2)賓語(yǔ)表動(dòng)作的結(jié)果。如:
(33)She made a fire. 她生了個(gè)火。
(34)He’s digging a hole. 他在挖一個(gè)洞。
(35)Baird inverted television. 白爾德發(fā)明了電視。
3)賓語(yǔ)表動(dòng)作的工具。如:
(36)He struck his hand on his knee. 他用手拍膝。
(37)She was pointing her fingers at me. 她用手指指著我。
(38)He wiped his forearm across his lips. 他用前臂擦了擦嘴。
4)賓語(yǔ)表動(dòng)作的目的。如:
(39)She nodded assent. 她點(diǎn)頭表示同意。
(40)They kissed good-bye. 他們吻別了。
(41)She bowed her thanks. 她鞠躬表示感謝。
5)賓語(yǔ)表轉(zhuǎn)喻。如:
(42)When the interval came he went out to smoke a pipe. 中間休息時(shí)他出去抽煙斗。
(43)She poured out a full cup and presented it to him with both hands. 她斟滿了一杯酒然后用雙手捧給他。
(44)He wiped off the table. 他將桌子擦拭干凈。
6)賓語(yǔ)表動(dòng)作的時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)。如:
(45)Some slept the night in the office. 一些人夜里睡在辦公室。
(46)She swam the river. 她游過(guò)河。
7)賓語(yǔ)是與動(dòng)詞的同源關(guān)系,即所謂同源賓語(yǔ)(cognate object)。這種賓語(yǔ)用在某些不及物動(dòng)詞之后,并往往有定語(yǔ)修飾。如:
(47)Chris will sing a song for us. 克里斯將要給我們唱支歌。
(48)As he slept he dreamed a dream. 他睡中做了一個(gè)夢(mèng)。
(49)Her son died a hero’s death in battle. 她的兒子在戰(zhàn)斗中英勇犧牲了。
(50)She lived a happy life. 她生活得幸福。
(51)They fought a hard fight. 他們進(jìn)行了一場(chǎng)苦斗。
[注]但在下列句中不及物動(dòng)詞后的名詞一般不看作是賓語(yǔ),而應(yīng)看作是狀語(yǔ):
?、貶e ran a mile. 他跑了1英里。
?、贗t weights two kilograms. 它重2千克。
③It costs twenty dollars. 它的價(jià)格是20美元。
英語(yǔ)中有些動(dòng)詞需要兩個(gè)同等的賓語(yǔ),即直接賓語(yǔ)(direct object)與間接賓語(yǔ)(indirect object)。直接賓語(yǔ)一般指動(dòng)作的承受者,間接賓語(yǔ)指動(dòng)作所向的或所為的人或物(多指人)。具有這種雙賓語(yǔ)的及物動(dòng)詞叫做與格動(dòng)詞(dative verb),常用的有answer,bring,buy,deny,do,fetch,find,get,give,hand,keep,leave,lend,make,offer,owe,pass,pay,play,promise,read,refuse,save,sell,send,show,sing,take,teach,tell,throw,wish,write等。間接賓語(yǔ)一般須與直接賓語(yǔ)連用,通常放在直接賓語(yǔ)之前。如:
(52)He never made me such excuses. 他從未向我表示過(guò)這種歉意。
(53)I have found him a place. 我給他找到了一個(gè)職位。
(54)She made her son a scarf. 她為她的兒子做了一條領(lǐng)巾。
由于種種原因,間接賓語(yǔ)亦可置于直接賓語(yǔ)之后,但其前一般須用介詞to或for。如:
(55)I gave my address to him. 我把我的地址給了他。(強(qiáng)調(diào)間接賓語(yǔ)him)
(56)He threw the ball to me, not to Tom. 他將球扔給了我,沒(méi)有扔給湯姆。(強(qiáng)調(diào)me和Tom,并使二者形成對(duì)照)
(57)I have found a place for Bob, who is my brother. 我給鮑勃找到了一個(gè)職位,他是我的兄弟。(間接賓語(yǔ)Bob后有修飾語(yǔ))
如兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)都是代詞,間接賓語(yǔ)亦應(yīng)放在直接賓語(yǔ)之后。如:
(58)Give it to me. 把它給我。
(59)Why didn’t you show it to him? 你為什么沒(méi)有將它給他看?
在正式文件中,間接賓語(yǔ)即使放在直接賓語(yǔ)之前,亦可帶介詞to,如:
(60)Her affectionate devotion gave to her husband a haven of rest after his long wanderings. 在她的丈夫經(jīng)過(guò)長(zhǎng)期流浪之后,她的鐘愛之情給他提供了一個(gè)避難之所。
被強(qiáng)調(diào)的間接賓語(yǔ)還可以置于句首,如:
(61)To me he owes nothing. 他不欠我什么。(這種被強(qiáng)調(diào)的間接賓語(yǔ)一般須帶to)
含有這種雙賓語(yǔ)的主動(dòng)句變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)句時(shí),一般地說(shuō),直接賓語(yǔ)和間接賓語(yǔ)皆可用作主語(yǔ)。不用作主語(yǔ)的直接賓語(yǔ)或間接賓語(yǔ)叫做保留賓語(yǔ)(retained object)。如:
(62)He gave me a book yesterday. 昨天他給了我一本書。
(63)I was given a book by him yesterday. 昨天他給了我一本書。
(64)A book was given (to) me by him yesterday. 昨天他給了我一本書。
有一些及物動(dòng)詞后面的間接賓語(yǔ)總是位于直接賓語(yǔ)之前,不可移至直接賓語(yǔ)之后。如:
(65)I kissed her good night. 我用吻向她道了晚安。
如果直接賓語(yǔ)是一從句,間接賓語(yǔ)亦必須放在直接賓語(yǔ)之前。如:
(66)I wrote him that he should come at once. 我寫信叫他馬上來(lái)。
有一些及物動(dòng)詞可有兩個(gè)直接賓語(yǔ),因?yàn)閮烧呓钥蓡为?dú)使用,如:
(67)I asked him a question. 我問(wèn)了他一個(gè)問(wèn)題。
亦可單獨(dú)使用其中任一個(gè)直接賓語(yǔ),如:
(68)I asked him. 我問(wèn)了他。
(69)I asked a question. 我問(wèn)了一個(gè)問(wèn)題。
如賓語(yǔ)帶有補(bǔ)語(yǔ),即構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)(complex object),可以擔(dān)任復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的有名詞、形容詞、介詞、非限定動(dòng)詞等。如:
(70)The terrorists are holding many people hostage. 這些恐怖分子將許多人扣作人質(zhì)。(名詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ))
(71)No one ever saw him angry. 從未有人見他惱怒過(guò)。(形容詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ))
(72)They found treasure in the chest. 他們?cè)谀侵幌渥永镎业搅酥閷殹?介詞短語(yǔ)作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ))
(73)The comrades asked Dr. Bethune to take cover. 同志們請(qǐng)白求恩大夫隱蔽了一下。(不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ))
(74)Aren’t you ashamed to have everybody laughing at you? 你弄得人們都笑你,難道不害臊?(現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ))
(75)The kings had the pyramids built for them. 這些國(guó)王為他們自己建造了金字塔。(過(guò)去分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ))
除及物動(dòng)詞需要賓語(yǔ)外,介詞亦需要賓語(yǔ),構(gòu)成介詞短語(yǔ)。如:
(76)I said it only in fun. 我只是說(shuō)笑而已。
(77)The school is just past the church. 過(guò)了教堂就是學(xué)校。
(78)Drinks are on me! 酒錢歸我付!
(79)They were elected from among the workers. 他們是從工人當(dāng)中選出的。
不少介詞與動(dòng)詞已構(gòu)成固定的短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,所以介詞的賓語(yǔ)亦變?yōu)槎陶Z(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ),如think of,listen to,insist on,persist in,yearn for,aim at,look for,abide by,account for,agree with,fall behind,live by,pay for等等。有的介詞則與“動(dòng)詞+名詞”一起構(gòu)成固定的短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,如take care of,pay attention to等等。
介詞亦可與“連系動(dòng)詞be+形容詞”構(gòu)成固定詞組,如be fond of,be careful about,be angry with,be eager for等等。
形容詞有時(shí)亦需要賓語(yǔ),形容詞的賓語(yǔ)多為不定式。如:
(80)I am unable to move. 我動(dòng)不了啦。
(81)It’s sure to rain. 肯定要下雨。
(82)She is always ready to give a hand. 她總是愿意幫助人。
[注]本為形容詞的like與worth現(xiàn)已被看作介詞。
14.8 補(bǔ)語(yǔ)
補(bǔ)語(yǔ)(complement)是一種補(bǔ)足主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)的意義的句子成分。補(bǔ)足主語(yǔ)意義的句子成分叫做主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)(subject complement),補(bǔ)足賓語(yǔ)的意義的句子成分叫做賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)(object complement)。
1)形容詞用作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)時(shí)常置于主語(yǔ)之前,后有逗號(hào)。如:
(1)Tired and sleepy, I went to bed. 我又累又困,就去睡了。
(2)Steady and punctual, he started writing and left off at the same hours each day. 他持穩(wěn)而準(zhǔn)時(shí),每天皆按時(shí)開始和停止寫作。
有時(shí)亦可置于主語(yǔ)之后,前后皆有逗號(hào),與非限定性定語(yǔ)相似。如:
(3)The man, cruel beyond belief, didn’t listen to their pleadings. 那人不可置信地殘酷,不聽取他們的懇求。
(4)Chen, only 1.30 meters tall, won her third gold when she triumphed in the individual floor exercises. 陳只有1.30米高,卻在個(gè)人自由體操中獲得成功而第三次奪得金牌。
主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)亦常置于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之后,全句形成“主+謂+主補(bǔ)”結(jié)構(gòu)。如:
(5)Maggie gaped round-eyed. 瑪吉目瞪口呆。
(6)Are you all right ? You act strange. 你病了嗎?你不點(diǎn)異乎尋常呀。
主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)在被動(dòng)句中應(yīng)放在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)之后。如:
(7)He was found dead. 他被發(fā)現(xiàn)死了。(在主動(dòng)句中dead是賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ))
主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)亦可置于賓語(yǔ)之后,全句形成“主+謂+賓+主補(bǔ)”結(jié)構(gòu)。如:
(8)He got off the bench very nervous. 他不安地從長(zhǎng)凳上下來(lái)。
(9)She gazed at him speechless for a moment. 她無(wú)言凝視了他一會(huì)兒。
上述謂語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)之后的主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)之前皆不用逗號(hào)。但如與主語(yǔ)的關(guān)系比較松散,主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)之前亦可用逗號(hào)。如:
(10)Her gaze traveled round, irresolute. 她猶豫不決,向四周凝視。
(11)He found a young and beautiful girl, who kept shouting and crying, obviously mad. 他發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個(gè)年輕貌美的姑娘,這個(gè)姑娘又喊又哭,分明是瘋了。
2)可用作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)的詞語(yǔ)除形容詞外,還有名詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、分詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、從句等。如:
(12)He was called Oliver Barret. 他名叫奧利弗•巴雷特。(名詞用作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ),位于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)之后)
(13)Lincoln was born a poor farmer’s boy and died President of the United States. 林肯生下來(lái)時(shí)是一個(gè)貧苦農(nóng)民的兒子,死時(shí)則是美國(guó)的總統(tǒng)。(名詞短語(yǔ)a poor farmer’s boy是主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ),位于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)之后;名詞短語(yǔ)President of the United States亦用作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ),位于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之后)
(14)He was seen to go upstairs. 有人看見他上樓去了。(不定式短語(yǔ)用作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ),位于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)之后)
(15)Starting as a street vendor, he is now general manager of a trading corporation in Beijing. 他原來(lái)是一個(gè)街道攤販,現(xiàn)在則是北京一家貿(mào)易公司的總經(jīng)理。(現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)用作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ))
(16)He came home quite changed. 他回到家時(shí)已完全變了。(過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)用作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ))
(17)He came home out of humour. 他回到家時(shí)很不高興。(介詞短語(yǔ)用作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ),位于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之后)
(18)People are just born what color they are. 人們的膚色是天生的。(名詞性從句用作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ))
有時(shí)用作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)的名詞、代詞、形容詞、分詞等之前可加上介詞as(有的語(yǔ)法家將這種as喚作限定詞)而意義不變。如:
(19)As a true friend he stood by me to the end. 作為我的真摯朋友,他助我一直到底。(用作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)的名詞之前有as)
(20)He is a model worker and he is respected as such. 他是一位模范工作者,并因此受到尊敬。(用作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)的代詞之前必須有as)
(21)Even as a young boy, he was regarded as very promising. 他早在少年時(shí)代已被認(rèn)為將大有作為。(用作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)的名詞短語(yǔ)a young boy之前有even as;用作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)的形容詞短語(yǔ)very promising之前有as,as在此不可少)
(22)The successful enterprise will go down in local history as representing the best that our town can do. 這項(xiàng)企業(yè)將以本市的楷模而永垂于本市的歷史。(用作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)的現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)之前有as ,此as亦不可少)
主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)之前有時(shí)亦可用介詞for。如:
(23)He was taken for my brother. 他被誤認(rèn)作我的兄弟。
2)一般皆置于賓語(yǔ)之后。如:
(24)John wears his hair very long. 約翰留著很長(zhǎng)的頭發(fā)。
(25)She has her hands black. 她把手弄黑了。(如說(shuō)black hands,則意謂她手的膚色是黑的)
但有時(shí)亦可置于賓語(yǔ)之前。如:
(26)He pushed open the door, went into the hall. 他將門推開,進(jìn)入了大廳。(強(qiáng)調(diào)the door)
賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)偶爾亦可置于主語(yǔ)之前。如:
(27)As the main eating implement, the Chinese use chopsticks every day. 中國(guó)人每天都要用筷子作為主要的吃飯用具。(為了強(qiáng)調(diào))
4)可以用作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)的有名詞、形容詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、分詞、介詞短語(yǔ)等。如:
(28)They named the child Jimmy. 他們將孩子命名為吉米。(名詞用作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ))
(29)My mother looks so young that you would think her my sister. 我的母親面很嫩,你會(huì)以為她是我的姐姐。(名詞短語(yǔ)用作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ))
(30)She boiled the egg hard. 她將雞蛋煮老了。(形容詞用作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ))
(31)I found the book very interesting. 我發(fā)現(xiàn)這本書很有趣。(形容詞短語(yǔ)用作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ))
(32)The comrades wanted Dr. Bethune to take cover. 同志們要白求恩大夫隱蔽了一下。(不定式用作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ))
(33)Tom is ill. Let’s go and see him. 湯姆病了,我們?nèi)タ纯窗伞?不定式短語(yǔ)用作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ))
(34)I call this robbing Peter to pay Paul. 我把這個(gè)叫做拆東干墻補(bǔ)西墻。(動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)用作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ))
(35)I have guests coming. 我不客人要來(lái)。(現(xiàn)在分詞用作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ))
(36)Can I have this parcel weighed here? 我可以在這兒稱一下這個(gè)包裹嗎?(過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)用作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ))
(37)I found everything in good condition. 我發(fā)現(xiàn)一切情況都很好。(介詞短語(yǔ)用作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ))
賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)之前有時(shí)有as而意義不變。如:
(38)I regard this as of great importance. 我認(rèn)為這個(gè)具有重要意義。
在某些情況下,賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)之前可用for。如:
(39)Don’t take his kindness for granted. 不要把他的友善看作是當(dāng)然的事。
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