9.1 助動(dòng)詞的含義和功能
助動(dòng)詞本身無(wú)詞義,它僅僅是用來(lái)幫助主要?jiǎng)釉~構(gòu)成各種時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)、語(yǔ)氣以及否定和疑問(wèn)結(jié)構(gòu)。
1)由be,have,shall(should),will(would)構(gòu)成除現(xiàn)在一般時(shí)和過(guò)去一般時(shí)外的全部時(shí)態(tài)。如:
(1)I shall be here any minute. 我將隨時(shí)到達(dá)這里。(由shall構(gòu)成將來(lái)一般時(shí))
(2)The train is now rapidly approaching the city of Beijing. 火車現(xiàn)在正迅速臨近北京城。(由is構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí))
(3)We shall be having rain, rain, and nothing but rain. 我們會(huì)有沒(méi)完沒(méi)了的雨。(由shall be構(gòu)成將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí))
(4)The roads were full of people. We hadn’t foreseen that. 路上都是人。這是我們事先未料到的。(由had構(gòu)成過(guò)去完成時(shí))
(5)Soon they would have reached their time limit and must return to the camp. 不久規(guī)定的時(shí)間就要到了,他們就得回營(yíng)地了。(由would have構(gòu)成過(guò)去將來(lái)完成時(shí))
(6)He has been scoring plenty of goals this season. 在這個(gè)(足球)賽季里,他踢進(jìn)了許多球。(由has been構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí))
2)由be構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如:
(7)One is not guilty until he is proved. 在沒(méi)有證明有罪之前,人都是無(wú)罪的。(現(xiàn)在一般時(shí)的被動(dòng)式)
(8)She almost felt that she was being mocked. 她幾乎感覺(jué)到她在被嘲弄。(過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)式)
(9)I suspected that I had been followed and watched since I arrived in London. 我懷疑我到倫敦以后就已被跟蹤和監(jiān)視。(過(guò)去完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)式)
(10)I know he hates being interrupted. 我知道他不喜歡別人打斷他的話。(動(dòng)名詞的被動(dòng)式)
3)由had,should,would,should have,would have等構(gòu)成各種虛擬語(yǔ)氣。如:
(11)If I had Jim’s build, I’d go out for the wrestling team. 假如我有吉姆那樣的體格,我早就去參加摔跤隊(duì)了。
(12)The soup would’ve been better if it had had less salt. 假如少放點(diǎn)鹽,這湯會(huì)好喝得多。
4)由do構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在一般時(shí)和過(guò)去一般時(shí)的疑問(wèn)結(jié)構(gòu)。如:
(13)When do you meet again? 我們什么時(shí)候再見?
(14)Did you know the hot dog did not originate in the United States, but in Germany? 你知道“熱狗”不是來(lái)源于美國(guó),而是來(lái)源于德國(guó)嗎?
5)由do+not構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在一般時(shí)和過(guò)去一般時(shí)的否定結(jié)構(gòu)。如:
(15)Don’t knit your brow like that. 別那樣皺眉頭。
(16)We didn’t think we’d be this late. 我們沒(méi)想到我們會(huì)到得這么晚。
當(dāng)兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上包含相同助動(dòng)詞的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞并列時(shí),后面的助動(dòng)詞通常省略。如:
(17)The letter will be typed and sent off immediately. 這封信將立即打好并發(fā)出。
(18)Having explained the rule and given a few examples, the teacher asked the students to write some exercises at home. 教師在解釋完規(guī)則并舉出幾個(gè)例子后,要求學(xué)生回家做一些練習(xí)。
助動(dòng)詞在句中一般不重讀,但當(dāng)它代替前面的動(dòng)詞或強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)詞的意義時(shí)則應(yīng)重讀。如:
(19)—Do you speak English? 你會(huì)說(shuō)英語(yǔ)嗎?
—Yes, I do. 是,我會(huì)說(shuō)。
(20)But I have done it. 但是我把它干了。
9.2 be的形式和用法
助動(dòng)詞be有八種形式:
肯定式 縮略肯定式 否定式 縮略否定式
原形 be
現(xiàn)在式第一人稱單數(shù)I am ’m am not aren’t
’m not
現(xiàn)在式第三人稱單數(shù)he,she,it is ’s is not isn’t
’s not
現(xiàn)在式第二人稱單、復(fù)數(shù)和第一、三人稱復(fù)數(shù)you,we,they are ’re are not aren’t
’re not
過(guò)去式第一、第三人稱單數(shù)I, he,she,it was was not wasn’t
過(guò)去式第二人稱單、復(fù)數(shù)和第一、三人稱復(fù)數(shù)you,we,they were were not weren’t
現(xiàn)在分詞 being not being
過(guò)去分詞 been not been
[注]在英國(guó)英語(yǔ)中,aren’t使用很廣泛。在美國(guó)英語(yǔ)中使用較多的是被認(rèn)為非標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的ain’t。
助動(dòng)詞be主要用法是:
1)與現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成各種進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)以及與have和現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成完成時(shí)態(tài)。如:
(1)Fear of crime is slowly paralyzing American society. 犯罪恐懼癥正逐漸地使美國(guó)社會(huì)陷于癱瘓。
(2)The telephone had been ringing for three minutes before it was answered. 電話鈴響了三分鐘才有人接。
2)與過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如:
(3)He was an ardent fighter for freedom and independence. He was loved by millions and hated only by a handful. 他是個(gè)爭(zhēng)取自由和獨(dú)立的熱誠(chéng)戰(zhàn)士,為成百萬(wàn)人所愛戴,為僅僅一小撮人所仇恨。
(4)They came to Europe where their mother had been educated and stayed three years. 他們來(lái)到他們的母親受教育的歐洲,并待了三年。
此外,be還可用作連系動(dòng)詞。如:
(5)It was one of the happiest afternoons he had ever spent. 那是他有生以來(lái)最愉快的一個(gè)下午。
詞組be to有情態(tài)意義,詳見“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞”。
9.3 have的形式和用法
助動(dòng)詞have有五種形式:
肯定式 縮略肯定式 否定式 縮略否定式
原形 have ’ve have not haven’t
’ve not
現(xiàn)在式第三人稱單數(shù) has ’s has not hasn’t
’s not
過(guò)去式 had ’d had not hadn’t
’d not
現(xiàn)在分詞 having not having
過(guò)去分詞 had
助動(dòng)詞have的主要用法是:
1)與過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成各種完成時(shí)態(tài)。如:
(1)Newton has explained the movements of he moon from the attractions of the earth. 牛頓闡明了月球受到地球引力而運(yùn)行的規(guī)律。
(2)Reluctantly, she opened the door, she had not kept it locked; there had been no need. 她勉強(qiáng)地開了門。她沒(méi)有鎖門,也沒(méi)有必要鎖門。
2)與been+現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成各種完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。如:
(3)Men have been digging salt out of it for six hundred years, and yet there seems as much left as ever. 人們?cè)谶@里掘鹽已六百年,但鹽似乎還是那么多。
(4)In another month’s time Mr. Henry will have been teaching here for exactly thirty years. 再過(guò)一個(gè)月,亨利先生就將在這里從事教學(xué)整30年了。
此外,have還可用作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞,意謂“有”、“吃”等。如:
(5)Bad news has wings. 丑事傳千里。
(6)You’re anaemic, you must have some iron. 你患貧血癥,應(yīng)該服一些鐵。
have還可用作使役動(dòng)詞。如:
(7)We now have the problem solved. 我們現(xiàn)已把這個(gè)問(wèn)題解決了。
(8)I had a tooth out this afternoon. 我今天下午拔了顆牙。
have用作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞時(shí)不能使用縮略式。詞組have to有情態(tài)意義,詳見“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞”。
9.4 do的形式和用法
助動(dòng)詞do有五種形式:
肯定式 否定式 縮略否定式
原形 do do not don’t
現(xiàn)在式第三人稱單數(shù) does does not doesn’t
過(guò)去式 did did not didn’t
did not
[注] do用作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞時(shí)有現(xiàn)在分詞doing和過(guò)去分詞done。
助動(dòng)詞do的主要用法是:
1)構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在一般時(shí)和過(guò)去一般時(shí)的疑問(wèn)句。如:
(1)Do you always carry an umbrella? 你經(jīng)常帶傘嗎?
(2)Did everything come off all right? 一切都進(jìn)行得順利嗎?
2)構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在一般時(shí)和過(guò)去一般時(shí)的否定句。如:
(3)She didn’t cool down for hours after that argument. 在那場(chǎng)爭(zhēng)辯之后,她好幾個(gè)小時(shí)都沒(méi)平靜下來(lái)。
(4)Don’t worry, he will be brought to book for his wickedness one day. 別擔(dān)心,他的惡行總有一天受到懲罰的。
[注]如用其它時(shí)態(tài),疑問(wèn)句的助動(dòng)詞須提至主語(yǔ)前,否定句的助動(dòng)詞之后加not。如:
?、賅ill he be able to hear at such a distance? 離這么遠(yuǎn),他會(huì)聽得到嗎?
?、赮ou haven’t been abroad before, have you? 你以前沒(méi)出過(guò)國(guó),是嗎?
3)用于替代,以避免重復(fù)。如:
(5)—May I come round in the morning? 上午我可以來(lái)拜訪你嗎?
—Yes, please do. 可以,請(qǐng)來(lái)吧。(do替代come round)
(6)I don’t like coffee and neither does my wife. 我不喜歡咖啡,我妻子也不喜歡。(does替代like)
4)用于強(qiáng)調(diào)。如:
(7)My parents think I didn’t study for my exams, but I did study. 我爸爸媽媽認(rèn)為我考試前沒(méi)有復(fù)習(xí),但我是復(fù)習(xí)了。
(8)Although I have little time for entertainment, I do go to the theatre once in a while. 雖然我很少時(shí)間娛樂(lè),但我還是間或去看戲。
(9)We’re very pleased that she does intend to come. 她的確打算來(lái),我們非常高興。
(10)The letter we were expecting never did arrive. 我們期待的信一直沒(méi)有到。
(11)—Do you remember how kind she was? 你記得她多友善嗎?
—I certainly do remember. 當(dāng)然記得。
5)用于懇求。如:
(12)Do come to the party tonight. 務(wù)請(qǐng)今晚來(lái)參加晚會(huì)。
(13)Do be quiet! 請(qǐng)別作聲!
此外,do還可用作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞,意謂“做”、“干”等等。如:
(14)She’s doing her knitting. 她正在紡織衣物。
(15)She interrupted him before his speech was done. 她不等他把話說(shuō)完就打斷了他。
(16)Bad books do great harm. 壞書有很大害處。
(17)Will you do me a favour? 你愿幫我個(gè)忙嗎?
(18)Jane is doing the dishes. 珍妮正在洗碟子。
(19)I will do my best. 我愿盡力而為。
(20)That will do. 行了(或夠了)。
9.5 shall(should)和will(would)的形式和用法
助動(dòng)詞shall(過(guò)去式should)和will(過(guò)去式would)有下列幾種形式:
肯定式 縮略肯定式 否定式 縮略否定式
shall ’ll shall not shan’t
should should not shouldn’t
will ’ll will not won’t
’ll not
would ’d would not wouldn’t
’d not
助動(dòng)詞shall(should)和will(would)可用于構(gòu)成各種將來(lái)和過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài),shall(should)用于第一人稱,will(would) 用于第二人稱、第三人稱。當(dāng)代英語(yǔ)(尤其是美國(guó)英語(yǔ)中),will(would)常用于一切人稱。
1)shall用于各種將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)的第一人稱(當(dāng)代英語(yǔ)多用will)。如:
(1)We shall be going away tomorrow by an early train. 我們將于明日搭早班車離開。
(2)I shall let you know as soon as I have heard from them. 我一俟接到他們的信,立即告訴你。
2)should用于各種過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)的第一人稱(當(dāng)代英語(yǔ)多用would)。如:
(3)So this was the place where I should study for the three years. It made a bad first impression.
(4)The BBC weather report this morning said that we should have rain. 英國(guó)廣播公司今晨的天氣預(yù)報(bào)說(shuō),我們這兒將有雨。
3)will用于各種將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)的第二、第三人稱。如:
(5)They will be looking for anyone connected with her. 他們將尋找每一個(gè)與她有往來(lái)的人。
(6)The play is coming off in August——By then the play will have been running for three months. 這個(gè)劇將于八月停演——到那時(shí)它將連演三個(gè)月了。
4)would用于各種過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)的第二、第三人稱。如:
(7)They said it would be fine. 他們說(shuō)天氣會(huì)很好。
(8)They would have finished by five o’clock. 他們將于五時(shí)前完工。
shall(should)和will(would)可用作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞,詳見“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞”。
should和would可以構(gòu)成虛擬語(yǔ)氣,詳見“虛擬語(yǔ)氣”。
二、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞
9.6 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的含義和特征
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞只有情態(tài)意義,即它所表示的是說(shuō)話人對(duì)動(dòng)作的觀點(diǎn),如需要、可能、意愿或懷疑等。
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有以下特征:
1)在形式上,情態(tài)動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有實(shí)義動(dòng)詞的各種變化,只有could,would,had to,was(或were) to,might等幾個(gè)過(guò)去式。其它如must,ought to等的過(guò)去皆與現(xiàn)在式同形。
2)在意義上,大多數(shù)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有多個(gè)意義。如can可表“能夠”、“可能”、“允許”等,many可表“可能”、“ 允許”、“目的”、“讓步”等。
3)在用法上,情態(tài)動(dòng)詞與助動(dòng)詞一樣,須后接動(dòng)詞原形,構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。
9.7 can(could) 的形式和用法
can(could)有下列幾種形式:
肯定式 否定式 縮略否定式
現(xiàn)在式 can cannot can’t
過(guò)去式 could could not couldn’t
[注]在美國(guó)英語(yǔ)中往往用can not替代cannot。
can是現(xiàn)在式,多用在指現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)。如:
(1)He can speak English. 他能說(shuō)英語(yǔ)嗎?
(2)Can you come to the meeting? 你能來(lái)開會(huì)嗎?
could是過(guò)去式,多用于指過(guò)去。如:
(3)He could speak English when he was a child. 他小時(shí)就能說(shuō)英語(yǔ)了。
但could亦可用于指現(xiàn)在,表虛擬語(yǔ)氣,或作為can的委婉形式。如:
(4)That man could do with a haircut. 那人需要理個(gè)發(fā)了。(表現(xiàn)在)
(5)If I could go, I should be glad. 假如我能去,那我就會(huì)很高興。(表虛擬語(yǔ)氣)
(6)Could I help you? 我能幫你干點(diǎn)什么嗎?(比Can I help you? 委婉)
can(could)的基本用法是:
1)表能夠。如:
(7)I can lift this stone. 我能舉起這塊石頭。(表體能)
(8)Can you use chopsticks? 你能用筷子嗎?(表技能)
(9)I can see him tonight. 我今晚能見到他。(表可能)
can表能夠時(shí)與短語(yǔ)be able to同義,但后者可用于各種時(shí)態(tài)。
can表能夠時(shí)可用于各種句式。如:
(10)She can play a few simple tunes on the piano. 她能在鋼琴上彈一些簡(jiǎn)單的調(diào)子。(肯定句)
(11)Can you write with your left hand? 你能用左手寫字嗎?(疑問(wèn)句)
(12)I can not promise you anything. 我不能答應(yīng)你任何事。(否定句)
can亦可指將來(lái)。如:
(13)We can discuss your paper after lunch. 午飯后我們能討論你的論文。
如需要強(qiáng)調(diào)將來(lái)時(shí)間時(shí),則可用短語(yǔ)shall/will be able to。如:
(14)I shall be able to earn my own living soon. 我很快就能自立了。
(15)He says he’ll be able to be home for Christmas. 他說(shuō)他能回家過(guò)圣誕節(jié)。
could主要指過(guò)去。如:
(16)I said that I could go. 我說(shuō)我能去。
(17)Could the boy read before he went to school? 這男孩上學(xué)前能識(shí)字嗎?
單純敘述過(guò)去事實(shí)時(shí),最好用was或were+able。如:
(18)I was able to help you yesterday. 我昨天能幫你的。
但could也常可指現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)。如:
(19)You could phone her, I suppose. 我看你可以給她打電話。
(20)The river could easily overflow, couldn’t it? 河水可能容易泛濫,不是嗎?
如could與動(dòng)詞原形的完成式連用,則指過(guò)去未實(shí)現(xiàn)的動(dòng)作。如:
(21)She could have explained the mystery. 她本能夠解釋這個(gè)秘密的。(實(shí)際上未解釋)
2)表可能。如:
(22)The moon cannot always be at the full. 月不可能常圓。
(23)If it’s raining tomorrow, the sports can take place indoors. 如果明天下雨,運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)就可能在室內(nèi)舉行。
can表可能時(shí)可指現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)。如:
(24)You can perhaps obtain a dog from the Dogs’ Home. 你也許可以從養(yǎng)狗場(chǎng)弄到一條狗。(肯定句)
(25)What can he mean? 他可能是什么意義呢?(疑問(wèn)句)
(26)We can’t use the indefinite article with this noun. 我們不可以在這個(gè)名詞前用不定冠詞。(否定句)
表可能時(shí),could可指過(guò)去。如:
(27)He said he couldn’t agree more. 他說(shuō)他再同意不過(guò)了。
could亦可指現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái),表虛擬語(yǔ)氣。如:
(28)It could be my mother. 可能是我母親。
(29)He could arrive tomorrow. 他可能明天到。
could與完成式連用,則指過(guò)去未實(shí)現(xiàn)的動(dòng)作。如:
(30)It could have been seen from here if it had not been so dark. 如果天不那么黑,你可能從這兒望見它的。(實(shí)際上已望不見)
3)表允許。如:
(31)You can borrow my bike tomorrow. 明天你可以借用我的自行車。
表這個(gè)意義時(shí),can用于疑問(wèn)句時(shí)表要求,用于否定句時(shí)表不許。如:
(32)Can you lend me a hand? 你能幫我一把嗎?
(33)This sort of thing can’t go on! 這類事不能再繼續(xù)了!
could指現(xiàn)在時(shí),僅用于疑問(wèn)句表更委婉的要求。如:
(34)Could I interrupt a moment? 我可以插句話嗎?
但這種表允許的用法可用于間接引語(yǔ)。如:
(35)Father said I could swim in the river. 爸爸說(shuō)我可以在河里游泳。
4)表懷疑。如:
(36)Can it be true? 那會(huì)是真的嗎?
表這個(gè)意義時(shí),can僅用于一般疑問(wèn)句,并有感情色彩。
can用于一般式,表現(xiàn)在。如:
(37)Can he really be ill? 你真的會(huì)病嗎?
can用于進(jìn)行式,表將來(lái)。如:
(38)Can he be making the investigation all alone? 他會(huì)獨(dú)立進(jìn)行調(diào)查嗎?
can用于完成式,表過(guò)去。如:
(39)Can she have told a lie? 她會(huì)說(shuō)謊嗎?
can用于完成式或完成進(jìn)行式時(shí)亦可表持續(xù)的動(dòng)作。如:
(40)Can she really have been at home all this time? 她真的會(huì)一直在家嗎?
(41)Can she have been waiting for us so long? 她會(huì)等我們這么久嗎?
could指現(xiàn)在時(shí)亦可有這些用法,但暗含著更不確定的意義。如:
(42)Could it be true?
(43)Could she be telling lies?
(44)Could he have said it?
(45)Could he have been at home all this time?
(46)Could she have been waiting for us so long?
5)can’t表不大可能。如:
(47)It can’t be true. 那不大可能是真的。
can’t會(huì)有感情色彩。如:
(48)He can’t be really ill. 他不大可能真的病了。(指現(xiàn)在)
(49)She can’t be telling lies. 她不大可能說(shuō)謊。(指現(xiàn)在)
(50)He can’t have said it. 他不大可能說(shuō)這種話。(指過(guò)去)
(51)She can’t have been at home all this time. 她不大可能一直在家。(指過(guò)去)
(52)She can’t have been waiting for us so long. 她不大可能等我們這么久。(指過(guò)去)
could亦可有這些用法,但語(yǔ)氣委婉。如:
(53)It couldn’t be true.
(54)She couldn’t be telling lies.
(55)He couldn’t have said it.
(56)She couldn’t have been at home all this time.
(57)She couldn’t have been waiting for us so long.
6)can和could用于特殊疑問(wèn)句,有感情色彩,表驚訝、迷惑等。如:
(58)What can(could) he mean? 他可能是什么意義呢?
(59)What can(could) he be doing? 他可能在干什么呢?
(60)What can(could) he have done? 他可能干什么了呢?
(61)Where can(could) he have gone to? 他可能去哪里了呢?
7)can與could的比較:can與could表能夠與可能時(shí),can表真實(shí),could表非真實(shí)。如:
(62)He can speak English. 他能說(shuō)英語(yǔ)。(表能夠)
(63)He could speak English if necessary. 他在必要時(shí)能說(shuō)英語(yǔ)。
(64)You can get the book from the library. 你可以從圖書館借到這本書。(表可能)
(65)You could get the book from the library if necessary. 你在必要時(shí)可從圖書館借到這本書。
表允許和推測(cè)時(shí),只是could語(yǔ)氣較為委婉,含義較不確定。如:
(66)Can I use your pen? 我可以借用你的筆嗎?(表允許)
(67)Could I use your pen? (較為委婉)
(68)Can it be true? 那可能是真的嗎?(表推測(cè))
(69)Could it be true? (較不確定)
(70)It can’t be true. 那不大可能是真的。(表不大可能)
(71)It couldn’t be true. (較不確定)
8)用于固定習(xí)語(yǔ)。如:
(72)She can’t help crying. 她不禁哭起來(lái)。
(73)He couldn’t help laughing. 他不禁笑起來(lái)。
(74)I can’t but ask him about it. 關(guān)于這件事我只得問(wèn)他。
(75)They couldn’t but refuse him. 他們不得不拒絕他。
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