第九章 明道--什么是真正的強
子路問強。子曰:“南方之強與?北方之強與?抑而強與?寬柔以教,不報無道,南方之強也,君子居之。衽金革,死而不厭,北方之強也,而強者居之。故君子和而不流,強哉矯!中立而不倚,強哉矯!國有道,不變?nèi)?,強哉矯!國無道,至死不變,強哉矯!”
Tsze-lu asked about energy.
The Master said, "Do you mean the energy of the South, the energy of the North, or the energy which you should cultivate yourself?
"To show forbearance and gentleness in teaching others; and not to revenge unreasonable conduct:-this is the energy of southern regions, and the good man makes it his study.
"To lie under arms; and meet death without regret:-this is the energy of northern regions, and the forceful make it their study.
"Therefore, the superior man cultivates a friendly harmony, without being weak.-How firm is he in his energy! He stands erect in the middle, without inclining to either side.-How firm is he in his energy! When good principles prevail in the government of his country, he does not change from what he was in retirement. How firm is he in his energy! When bad principles prevail in the country, he maintains his course to death without changing.-How firm is he in his energy!"
【原文】來源:考試大
子路問強(1)。子曰:“南方之強與?北方之強與?抑而強與?(2)寬柔以教,不報無道(3),南方之強也,君子居之(4)。衽金革(5),死而不厭(6),北方之強也,而強者居之。故君子和而不流(7),強哉矯(8)!中立而不倚,強哉矯!國有道,不變?nèi)?9),強哉矯!國無道,至死不變,強哉矯!”
【注釋】
(1)子路:名仲由,孔子的學生。(2)抑:選擇性連詞,意為“還是”。而:代詞,你。與:疑問語氣詞。(3)報:報復。(4)居:處。(5)衽:臥席,此處用為動詞。
金:指鐵制的兵器。革:指皮革制成的甲盾。(6)死而不厭:死而后已的意思。(7)和而不流:性情平和又不隨波逐流。(8)矯:堅強的樣子。 (9)不變?nèi)翰桓淖冎鞠颉?/p>
【譯文】
子路問什么是強??鬃诱f:“南方的強呢?北方的強呢?還是你認為的強呢?用寬容柔和的精神去教育人,人家對我蠻橫無禮也不報復,這是南方的強,品德高尚的人具有這種強。用兵器甲盾當枕席,死而后已,這是北方的強,勇武好斗的人就具有這種強。所以,品德高尚的人和順而不隨波逐流,這才是真強啊!保持中立而不偏不倚,這才是真強啊!國家政治清平時不改變志向,這才是真強啊!國家政治黑暗時堅持操守,寧死不變,這才是真強啊!”
【讀解】
子路性情魯莽,勇武好斗,所以孔子教導他:有體力的強,有精神力量的強,但真正的強不是體力的強,而是精神力量的強。精神力量的強體現(xiàn)為和而不流,柔中有剛;體現(xiàn)為中庸之道;體現(xiàn)為堅持自己的信念不動搖,寧死不改變志向和操守。
“三軍可奪帥也,匹夫不可奪志也。”(《論語•子罕》這就是孔子所推崇的強。
“砍頭不要緊,只要主義真。殺了夏明翰,自有后來人。”這就是孔子所推崇的強。
說起來,還是崇高的英雄主義,獻身的理想主義。
不過,回到《中庸》本章來,孔子在這里所強調(diào)的,還是“中立而不倚”的中庸之道,儒學中最為高深的道行。