古代金榜題名的“錄取通知書(shū)”都長(zhǎng)啥樣？

As high school graduates have finished their college entrance exams and filled out the application forms for their desirable colleges, they are now anxiously waiting for admission letters to arrive.

高考考生們都已完成高考并填報(bào)了志愿，現(xiàn)在正焦急地等待著錄取通知書(shū)的到來(lái)。

Today’s admission letters have become more and more creative with delicate designs. However, do you know how students in ancient times received their admission letters and what the letters were like?

如今的錄取通知書(shū)都經(jīng)過(guò)了精心設(shè)計(jì)，變得更有創(chuàng)意。然而，你知道古代考生們是如何收到錄取通知書(shū)的么?那時(shí)候的錄取通知書(shū)又長(zhǎng)什么樣呢?

Gold and glittering admission letter 金燦燦的錄取通知書(shū)

During the Tang Dynasty (618-907), the admission letter was on paper decorated with gold bits, or scraps, to denote those who stood out in the ancient imperial examinations, or keju. The gold notice was sent home by students attached to a letter, instead of through official channels, so some people think this was not an official admission letter.

唐代的錄取通知書(shū)寫(xiě)在飾以金片的紙上，表明此人在古代科舉考試中脫穎而出。這封金燦燦的通知書(shū)和一封信一起由考生寄回家，而非通過(guò)官方渠道寄送，所以一些人認(rèn)為這并不是一封正式的錄取通知書(shū)。

The widely-recognized official admission letter was called jinhua tiezi (golden flower letter), which appeared later. It was similar to today’s admission letters from key national universities.

后來(lái)就有了公認(rèn)的官方錄取通知書(shū)“金花帖子”。它和今天重點(diǎn)大學(xué)的錄取通知書(shū)很像。

According to historical records from the Song Dynasty (960-1279), jinhua tiezi was written on top-quality paper sprinkled with powdered gold, which was usually five cun long (about 15 centimeters). Until the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911), woodblock printed admission letters were made.

據(jù)宋朝史料記載，“金花帖子”寫(xiě)在撒有金粉的高級(jí)紙張上，通常為五寸長(zhǎng)。而清朝則使用的是木版印刷的錄取通知書(shū)。

Admission letters in the Ming (1368-1644) and Qing dynasties were called jiebao, which were larger in size and made for students to put on display in their halls.

明清兩朝的錄取通知書(shū)被稱(chēng)為“捷報(bào)”，尺寸會(huì)更大些，讓學(xué)生能在家中廳堂展示。

Overall, fancier materials were used to make admission letters to candidates with higher grades. Besides paper, some used delicate brocade silk or fine processed wood.

總體而言，成績(jī)好的考生拿到的錄取通知書(shū)材質(zhì)也會(huì)更好。除了紙張，一些錄取通知書(shū)還會(huì)寫(xiě)在精美的錦緞或者加工精細(xì)的木材上。

What was written on an admission letter?

錄取通知書(shū)上寫(xiě)了些什么?

The ancient admission letter was always written in clerical script (lishu), an archaic style of Chinese calligraphy. The center of the letter showed the examinee’s ranking as well as the year and name of the exam.

古代的錄取通知書(shū)皆為隸書(shū)字體，通知書(shū)的中間會(huì)寫(xiě)上應(yīng)試者的名次、年份以及考試名稱(chēng)。

During the Tang and Song dynasties, the jinhua tiezi would first list the names, titles and personal information of the main officials in charge of the exam and then the name of the examinee.

在唐宋時(shí)期的“金花帖子”上，會(huì)先列出主持考試的主要官員名字、官職以及個(gè)人信息，然后才寫(xiě)上應(yīng)試者的名字。

The jiebao in the Ming and Qing dynasties had simpler content, which just contained the name and ranking of the examinee.

明清時(shí)期的“捷報(bào)”內(nèi)容更為簡(jiǎn)潔，只有應(yīng)試者的姓名和名次。

The ancient admission letters also had to be stamped with special seals after being written. In the Qing Dynasty, the list of successful candidates during the dianshi, the top-level exam in keju, would be sealed by the emperor and shown to the public.

古代的錄取通知書(shū)寫(xiě)成之后也需加印上特殊印章。清朝時(shí)期，殿試為科舉考試中的最高一段?；实蹠?huì)親自為殿試中試之人的名單蓋上印章，并公之于眾。

How was an admission letter delivered?

錄取通知書(shū)是如何送達(dá)的?

Nowadays, admission letters are delivered by China Post, while in ancient times, delivery of the admission letter involved a very solemn government procedure. A special team would be assembled to deliver the letter, with an official riding on a tall horse, raising up a flag in the front, and a band followed behind playing cheerful music and lighting fire crackers to celebrate.

如今的錄取通知書(shū)都由中國(guó)郵政送到考生手上，而在古代，運(yùn)送錄取通知書(shū)這一莊嚴(yán)的過(guò)程則是由朝廷負(fù)責(zé)。朝廷會(huì)召集一班特殊人馬運(yùn)送信函：一名官員騎著高頭大馬，在前方高舉旗幟，緊隨其后的樂(lè)隊(duì)吹奏著歡快的音樂(lè)，點(diǎn)燃鞭炮以示慶賀。

After receiving the admission letter, the host would give red envelopes containing cash to the delivery men as lucky money. The letter would then be posted in the most prominent position in the hall of the candidate’s home as a proud honor.

在收到錄取通知書(shū)之后，主人家會(huì)給送信人員裝有現(xiàn)金的紅包，圖個(gè)好彩頭。信函稍后會(huì)張貼在學(xué)生家中廳堂最顯眼的地方，以示光宗耀祖。